A History of Spain and Portugal, Volume 2

achieved activity administration agriculture aristocratic army attempt Barcelona became began beginning British brought Carlos Catalan Catalonia Catholic central century church civil completely conservative constitutional continued Cortes crown cultural decade decline democratic economic effect effort elections elements encouraged established Europe European expansion factions finally forces foreign formed France French groups half held important increased independence industry influence interests Italy labor land later leaders less liberal Lisbon lower Madrid major ment middle class military minister ministry moderate monarchy months movement nearly never officers opposition organized parliamentary party peasants percent period political popular population Portugal Portuguese production Progressives radical reform regime regions reign remained representative Republican restored result returned revolt revolutionary royal rural social society Spain Spanish success suffrage tion trade units