A Great Fear: Luís de Onís and the Shadow War against Napoleon in Spanish America, 1808–1812University of Alabama Press, 2019 M01 8 - 256 páginas An exploration of the Spanish colonial reaction to the threat of Napoleonic subversion A Great Fear: Luís de Onís and the Shadow War against Napoleon in Spanish America, 1808–1812 explores why Spanish Americans did not take the opportunity to seize independence in this critical period when Spain was overrun by French armies and, arguably, in its weakest state. In the first years after his appointment as Spanish ambassador to the United States, Luís de Onís claimed the heavy responsibility of defending Spanish America from the wave of French spies, subversives, and soldiers whom he believed Napoleon was sending across the Atlantic to undermine the empire. As a leading representative of Spain’s loyalist government in the Americas, Onís played a central role in identifying, framing, and developing what soon became a coordinated response from the colonial bureaucracy to this perceived threat. This crusade had important short-term consequences for the empire. Since it paralleled the emergence of embryonic independence movements against Spanish rule, colonial officials immediately conflated these dangers and attributed anti-Spanish sentiment to foreign conspiracies. Little direct evidence of Napoleon’s efforts at subversion in Spanish America exists. However, on the basis of prodigious research, Hawkins asserts that the fear of French intervention mattered far more than the reality. Reinforced by detailed warnings from Ambassador Onís, who found the United States to be the staging ground for many of the French emissaries, colonial officials and their subjects became convinced that Napoleon posed a real threat. The official reaction to the threat of French intervention increasingly led Spanish authorities to view their subjects with suspicion, as potential enemies rather than allies in the struggle to preserve the empire. In the long term, this climate of fear eroded the legitimacy of the Spanish Crown among Spanish Americans, a process that contributed to the unraveling of the empire by the 1820s. This study draws on documents and official records from both sides of the Hispanic Atlantic, with extensive research conducted in Spain, Guatemala, Argentina, and the United States. Overall, it is a provocative interpretation of the repercussions of Napoleonic intrigue and espionage in the New World and a stellar examination of late Spanish colonialism in the Americas. |
Contenido
French Subversion in Spanish America | 1 |
One Francophobia and Spanish America | 17 |
The Spanish Legation to the United States 18071809 | 41 |
From Cantalapiedra to Philadelphia | 57 |
Four The Spanish Diplomat versus the French Emissary 18091810 | 75 |
Five Onís on the Offensive 1811 | 101 |
Six Fighting Napoleon in Totonicapán | 124 |
Conclusion Spies and Shadows | 145 |
Appendix | 155 |
Notes | 169 |
Glossary | 213 |
Bibliography | 217 |
229 | |
Otras ediciones - Ver todas
A Great Fear: Luís de Onís and the Shadow War against Napoleon in Spanish ... Timothy Hawkins Vista previa limitada - 2019 |
Términos y frases comunes
afrancesados AGCA AHN-CD alcalde mayor American appointed arrived Atlantic Baltimore Bayonne Bernabeu Bogotá Bonapartist Bourbon Buenos Aires Bustamante Cádiz campaign captain Caracas Carlos chargé d’affairs Chiantla colonial authorities colonial bureaucracy colonial officials Cuba d’Alvimart d’Amblimont declared Desmolard diplomatic documents emisario envoy Estado February Fernando VII foreign Foronda France French agents French emissaries French subversion Frenchmen governor Guatemala City Havana imperial crisis independence José Joseph Bonaparte Juan juez comisionado Junta Central king Ledrezenech letter Louisiana loyalist Luís de Onís Madison administration Madrid Mallol Mexico military minister NA-NSL Napoleonic emissaries November October Onís to Bardají Onís’s Orleans Peredo Philadelphia political port province rebellion reports Revolution revolutionary Río Rydjord Saavedra secretary sent September Serurier ship Smith Someruelos Spain Spaniards Spanish ambassador Spanish America Spanish colonies Spanish consul Spanish empire Spanish legation territory threat tion Totonicapán UF-EFP United Veracruz viceroy warnings Washington West Florida