bards bestowed the crown on his brother Astulphus, who was admired equally for his courage in action, and his prudence in council; and who, after reducing Ravenna and some other places, threatened to plunder Rome. The pope, greatly alarmed, prevailed on Pepin, king of France, to espouse his cause by making war on the Lombards. Accordingly, Pepin entered Italy at the head of a numerous army, and compelled Astulphus to restore Ravenna and the other places which he had taken. (A. D. 756.) On the demise of this prince, Desiderius, duke of Tuscany, assumed the regal title, and married his two daughters to Charles (afterwards called Charlemagne or Charles the Great) and Carloman, who had succeeded Pepin on the throne of France. However, Desiderius having a dispute with Adrian the pope, Charlemagne entered Italy, and attacked the Lombards with such irresistible fury, that they fled before him in the utmost consternation. Desiderius took refuge in Pavia, and was compelled, after a long and obstinate resistance, to surrender the city to the royal besieger, who sent him and his unfortunate family prisoners to France, and abolished the kingdom of the Lombards in Italy, after they had possessed that country for the space of two hundred and six years (A. D. 774). Questions on the History of the Lombards. When the Lombards left Scandinavia, whom did they vanquish, and whither migrate? Of what were they masters in the reign of their king Adoinus ? By whom was he succeeded, and of what savage act was Alboinus guilty to the king of the Gepida? Of what territory did Alboinus render himself master, and of what country was he proclaimed king? What ci y did he select for the metropolis of his new kingdom, and what did he place in each of the other cities? On the death of Alboinus, whom did the Lombards elect for their king, and what was the character of Clephis? Whither did he extend his conquests, and by whom was he murdered? What did the Lombards now resolve to abolish, and whom after ten years did they raise to the throne! What name did Autharis assume, and what did he order? To what did he oblige the dukes, and what laws did he enact? What province and city did he subdue, and what did he project? Who was the next raised to the throne, and what faith did Agilulf embrace? On the death of Agilulf who was invested with the regal title, and what was the fate of Adaluald and his mother? Whom did the nobility now place on the throne, and by what was the reign of Ariovald marked? On his death, whom did the Lombards elect to the sovereignty, and what was the character of Rotharis? What were his actions, and in the full possession of what did he die? To whom did he leave his kingdom, and what was the conduct of Rodoald? How long reigned Aripert, and between whom did he divide the kingdom? What did Grimoald, duke of Benevento, unite to gain posssession of the whole kingdom, and what was the fate of Gundebert and of Partharit ? How did Grimoald wear the crown, and what did he achieve? When returned Partharit, and whom did he associate with him in the kingdom? What vicissitudes did Cunipert experience? By whom was he succeeded, and how was Luitprand put to death? What effected Asprand, and with what was he invested? What were the actions of Luitprand, the son and successor of Asprand, and what was his character? By whom was he succeeded? on what account did the Lombards depose Hildebrand? and on whom did they bestow the sovereignty? What was the character of Rachis, and when did he renounce his kingdom? On whom did the Lombards bestow the crown, and what were the character and actions of Astulphus? On whom prevailed the pope to espouse his cause, and what did Pepin compel Astulphus to restore? On the demise of this prince who assumed the regal title, and to whom did Desiderius marry his two daughters? Why did Charlemagne entr Italy, and attack the Lombards? Where did Desiderius seek refuge, and what was the fate of him and his family, and of the kingdom of the Lombards? CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. Years before Christ. 4004 CREATION of the world, and of Adam and Eve; their fall and 4002 Birth of Cain, the first born of a woman. 2348 The UNIVERSAL DELUGE, from which Noah and his family 2247 The building of the tower of Babel followed by the dispersion of 2040 Reign of Moris, king of Thebes, in Upper Egypt, who formed 1910 Birth of Ishmael, son of Abraham and Hagar. 1897 Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah by fire from Heaven. [Till this period, Profane History is full of fables.] 1104 The Heraclidæ, or descendants of Hercules, entered Peloponnesus, 1069 Codrus, last king of Athens, reigned 21 years, 991 Phorbas, fifth perpetual archon of Athens. [Till this period, all Profane History is very uncertain.] 898 Lycurgus succeeded Polydectes as king of Sparta, but abdicated 885 Lycurgus promulgated his celebrated laws at Sparta. 800 Numitor, king of the Latins, dethroned by his brother Amulius. 771 Birth of Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome. 754 The office of archon, at Athens, reduced to a term of ten years. 37 years. 732 Triumph of Romulus over the Veii. 715 Numa Pompilius chosen king of Rome, and reigned 44 years. 684 Annual archons established at Athens. 672 Tullus Hostilius chosen king of Rome, and reigned 32 years. Years before Christ. 670 Engagement of the Horatii and the Curiatii, to terminate the war 664 Naval engagement between the Corinthians and the inhabitants o. 651 The kingdom of Cyrene in Africa founded by Battus of Lacedæmon. 635 Cyaxares, king of the Medes, who reigned 40 years. 624 Draco enacted his sanguinary laws at Athens. 616 Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome, reigned 38 years. 594 Solon enacted wise laws at Athens. 588 Jerusalem taken, and its walls and temple destroyed. 578 Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, who reigned 44 years. 551 Confucius, the Chinese philosopher, born. 548 Cyrus reduced Lydia and Asia Minor. 538 Babylon taken by Cyrus. 534 Tarquin surnamed the Proud, the last king of Rome. 529 Death of Cyrus. 516 Ostracism introduced among the Athenians. 509 Tarquin, the last Roman king, expelled from Rome; royalty abo- 503 The lesser triumph, called Ovation, introduced at Rome. 502 The Ionians defeated by the Persians. 496 Darius sent Mardonius against the Greeks. 490 The Athenians, under Miltiades, gained a complete victory over 488 Coriolanus besieged Rome, his native city, but retreated at the re- 480 Greece entered by Xerxes, whose army was bravely resisted by the being defeated in a naval engagement near Salamis, returned 479 Mardonius defeated and killed by the Greeks near Platea. 470 The Persians defeated both by sea and land by Cimon, the son of 469 Foundation of Capua by the Tuscans. 458 Quintius Cincinnatus taken from the plough and created dictator. 449 Peace concluded between the Greeks and the Persians, highly ad- Death of Virginia, and abolition of the Roman Decemvirate. 432 The Peloponnesians and their allies declared war against the 429 Death of Pericles, general of the Athenians. 427 The Athenians sent a fleet against Syracuse. 426 Plague at Athens. Demosthenes, general of the Athenians, prosecuted the Peloponne- 416 The Athenians undertook the war in Sicily, whither they sent 413 The Athenians defeated in Sicily, both by sea and land. Years before Christ. 410 The Lacedæmonians, defeated by sea and land, sued in vain for peace. 404 Athens taken by Lysander, in the twenty-eighth and last year of 401 Cyrus made war on his brother Artaxerxes, king of Persia, but fell 385 Rome taken by the Gauls under Brennus. 379 Victory of the Volsci over the Romans. 378 Commencement of the war between the Boeotians and the Lacedæ- 377 Three Roman armies sent against the Volsci. 372 Artaxerxes, king of Persia, endeavoured to mediate in Greece; 371 Victory of Epaminondas, the Theban general, over the Lacedæmo- 369 The Athenians and Lacedæmonians defeated by Epaminondas, 367 Camillus, for the fifth time dictator of Rome, defeated the Gauls 363 Battle of Mantinea, in which the Thebans were victorious, but lost 359 Philip, father of Alexander the Great, ascended the throne on the 355 Beginning of the Sacred War in Greece. 354 The Phoceans and the Locrians subdued by the Thebans. 349 Camillus routed the Gauls; and M. Valerius, a military tribune, 347 End of the Sacred War against the Phoceans. 343 Commencement of the war between the Romans and the Samnites, 340 War between the Romans and the Latins. 338 Victory of Philip, king of Macedon, over the Greeks at Cheronæa. 334 Alexander invaded Asia, and obtained a signal victory over the 333 Alexander gained a second victory at Issus in Cilicia. 331 The Persians completely defeated by Alexander at Arbela. 330 Alexander seized on Susiana and Persia, and pursued Darius, who 329 Alexander adopted the manners and apparel of the Persian kings. 323 The Athenians and the Etolians shook off the Macedonian yoke. 310 The Tuscans vanquished, and 60,000 of them put to the sword by 309 Hamilcar defeated and killed at Syracuse. The Romans gained a 308 The Carthaginians defeated by Agathocles. 305 The Samnites twice defeated by the Romans. 301 Great battle at ipsus, in Phrygia, in which Antigonus was slain. |