nomen gentilitium, sed appellativum, eos 1 Kings x. 28; and an ass of bread is put notans, qui trans Jordanum erant, qui quo- for an ass-load of bread, both in the Hebrew que ad Saulum convenire debebant. Vene- text of 1 Sam. xvi. 20, and in an ancient runt quoque, sed secundum vers. 7, præ timore mox revertebantur.

Ver. 5.

Au. Ver.-5 And the Philistines gathered themselves together to fight with Israel, thirty thousand chariots, and six thousand horsemen, and people as the sand which is on the sea-shore in multitude, &c.

Greek poet. And, yet nearer, the word chariots is manifestly put either for the horses belonging to them, or rather for the men that fought out of them; as 2 Sam. x. 18, where it is said in the Hebrew that David slew seven hundred chariots; that is, seven thousand men which fought in chariots, as it is explained, 1 Chron. xix. 18; and καὶ οἱ ἀλλόφυλοι συνάγονται εἰς πόλεμον 1 Kings xx. 21, where Ahab is said to smite επὶ Ἰσραήλ· καὶ ἀναβαίνουσιν ἐπὶ Ἰσραὴλ horses and chariots; and 1 Chron. xviii. 4 ; τριάκοντα χιλιάδες ἁρμάτων, καὶ ἓξ χιλιάδες Psalm lxxvi. 6, where the chariot and ἱππέων, κ.τ.λ. horse (i.e., the men that ride and fight in chariots, or upon horses) are said to be cast into a dead sleep; and Ezek. xxxix. 20, where it is said, Ye shall be filled at my table with horses and chariots, (i. e., with men belonging to the chariots; for Pool. Thirty thousand chariots: this surely the chariots of iron had been very number seems incredible to infidels; to improper food,) with mighty men, &c. And whom it may be sufficient to reply, that it let any cavilling infidel produce a wise is far more rational to acknowledge a mis- reason why it may not, and ought not, to be take in him that copied out the sacred text so understood here also. Add to all this, in such numeral or historical passages, that the Philistines were not alone in this wherein the doctrine of faith and good life expedition, but had the help of the Canaanis not directly concerned, than upon such a ites and the Tyrians, as is very credible, pretence to question the truth and divinity both from Ecclus. xl. 20, and from the If it be further inof the Holy Scriptures, which are so fully nature of the thing. attested and evidently demonstrated. And quired, Why the Philistines should raise so the mistake is not great in the Hebrew, great an army at this time? the answer is schalosh for schelishim; and so, indeed, obvious, That not only their old and formidthose two ancient translators, the Syriac and able enemy Samuel was yet alive, but a new Arabic, translate it, and are supposed to enemy was risen, even king Saul, who was have read in their Hebrew copies, three lately confirmed in his kingdom, and had thousand. Nor is it necessary that all these been flushed with his good success against should be military chariots, but many of the Ammonites, and was likely to grow them might be for carriage of things be- more and more potent, if not timely prelonging to so great an army; for such a vented, &c. distinction of chariots we find Exod. xiv. 7. Bp. Patrick.-5 It is not likely the PhiBut there is no need of this reply. Chariots listines alone could bring so many into the here may very well be put for the men that field; no, nor after other nations thereabout rode upon them, and fought out of them were associated with them, is it credible [so Maurer], by a figure called a metonomy that they should make up thirty thousand of the subject for the adjunct, or the thing con- chariots of war. For none ever had so taining for the thing contained in it, than which many; Pharaoh himself pursuing the Israelnone more frequent. In the very same manner, ites only with six hundred (Exod. xiv. 7). and by the very same figure, the basket is put | Therefore most of them were no more than for the meat in it, Deut. xxviii. 5, 17; the carriages, which were necessary for the wilderness, for the wild beasts of the wilder-baggage of such vast multitudes of people; ness, Psal. xxix. 8; the nest, for the birds which is a better account in my judgment, in it, Deut. xxxii. 11; the cup, for the drink in it, Jer. xlix. 12; 1 Cor. x. 21. And, to come more closely to the point, a horse is put for a horse-load of wares laid upon it,

than to say there is a mistake made by transcribers in later times: as Bochartus himself thinks (Hierozoicon, par. i., lib. ii., cap. 9), because in the Syriac and Arabic

Ged., Booth.-6 Because the Philistine people approached.

Houb., Dathe.-6 Israelitæ viderunt, se ab exercitu hostili appropinquante urgeri ; igitur sese abdiderunt, &c.

Pro, coëgit lege, accessit. Sic oi ó. Sed Syrus et Arabs omittunt hæc verba sane difficilia.-Dathe.

Maurer.-6 Nihil video difficultatis.

copies there are only found three thousand. Which is too great a number, without the help of the foregoing exposition; for in the vast army of Mithridates there were but a hundred chariots, and in Darius's two hundred, and in Antiochus Epiphanes' (of which we read 2 Macc. xiii. 2) but three hundred. Bochart, Houb., Dathe, Ged., Booth., Clarke.-Three [Syr., Arab.] thousand. In textu sunt triginta millia curruum, non est de hostibus, sed de Israelitis intelliquam incredibilem curruum multitudinem gendum. Cf. quod statim sequitur a recte, uti arbitror, Bochartus in Hieroz., . Locum igitur sic redde: Israelitæ p. i., lib. ii., cap. ix., in dubium vocavit, viderunt, se in angustiis versari, urgeri popuatque Syri et Arabis lectionem, qui tria lum sc. ab hostibus. millia habent, defendit; et tamen oi ó, Vulg., et Chald. receptam lectionem exprimunt. Kennicottus citavit cod. 584, in quo omittitur. Sic superessent tantum mille currus, qui numerus utroque illo probabilior.-Dathe.

Jam alio loco . שְׁלֹשִׁים אֶלֶף רֶכֶב .Maurer

monuimus, Judæos res suas auxisse. Fortasse tamen verba illa non significant triginta millia curruum, sed triginta millia peditum in curribus constitutorum (accuratius dreissig Tausend Mann Wagenmannschaften). Constat, interdum etiam equos, qui juncti sunt curribus, et milites, qui vehuntur, significare. Sic 2 Sam. x. 18. Davidesnis, septingentos currus, i.e., milites septingentorum curruum trucidasse dicitur. Quæ loquendi ratio postquam usu invaluerat, fieri facile potuit, ut numerus non modo ad currus, sed interdum ad ipsos milites referretur. Sic sane accipiendus esse videtur loc. 1 Chr. xix. 18: DE, h. e., septem millia peditum in curribus constitutorum, quoniam verba ita intellecta loco parallelo 2 Sam. x. 18 exacte respondent, si singulis curribus denos milites insedisse di

camus.

Ver. 6.

Ver. 7.

καὶ οἱ διαβαίνοντες διέβησαν τὸν Ἰορδάνην,

K.T.λ.

Au. Ver.-7 And some of the Hebrews went over Jordan to the land of Gad and Gilead, &c.

Au. Ver.-8 And he tarried seven days, according to the set time that Samuel had appointed: but Samuel came not, &c.

Pool.-Seven days; not seven complete days; for that the last day was not finished plainly appears from Samuel's reproof. Saul waited only six complete days, and part of the seventh, which is here called seven days; for the word day is oft used for a part of the day, as among lawyers, so also in sacred Scripture; as Matt. xii. 40, where Christ is

וְאִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל רָאוּ כִּי צַר־לוֹ כִּי נִבַּשׂ

said to be in the heart of the earth three days הָעָם וַיִּתְחַבְּאוּ הָעָם וגו'

καὶ ἀνὴρ Ἰσραὴλ εἶδεν ὅτι στενῶς αὐτῷ μὴ προσάγειν αὐτὸν, καὶ ἐκρύβη ὁ λαός, κ.τ.λ.

Au. Ver.-6 When the men of Israel saw that they were in a strait, (for the people were distressed,) then the people did hide themselves in caves, and in thickets, and in rocks, and in high places, and in pits. For the people were distressed.

Bp. Horsley.-Rather, for the numerous

army was very near.

and three nights, i. e., one whole day, and part of the other two days. Moreover this place may be thus rendered: He tarried until the seventh day (as this same phrase is used, Gen. vii. 10, Heb., until the seventh of the days), (as the Hebrew lamed is oft taken), the set time that Samuel had appointed. Samuel had appointed.

Bp. Horsley.-Read, with several MSS.

.אשר שם שמואל

. וַיּוֹהֶל .Kri Hiph . וַיְיָהֵל .Alii efferunt Pi

Màurer.. Niph. ut Gen. viii. 12. occasionem, quod cum bis legeretur Galgala. Scribæ ex Galgala superiore ad inferiùs NIDỰ TÚN TID, tempus constitutum, quod saltum fecêre, et ea, quæ in medio erant, constituerat Samuel. Nonnulli veterum et prætermisêre, &c.

plures libri post exhibent, quod Booth.-15 And Samuel arose, and went E. Gr. Crit., p. 584 et Hitzigius Begriff, from Gilgal. But the remainder of the p. 150 scribarum incuria excidisse putant. people went up after Saul to Gibeah of BenEquidem assentior Gesenio Gr. ampl., jamin; and Saul, &c.

offered a burnt-offering.

I forced myself. So most commentators. Gesen. I forced myself and offered a burnt-offering, i. e., did violence to my conscience, since I knew that this was forbidden. Houb.Quare necessitas mihi fuit, eadem sententia, in qua Vulgatus, necessitate compulsus. Nam Hithpael sic accipi potest, tanquam Niphal Minus bene Chaldæus, et qui eum sequuntur, roboratus sum, quasi

Ver. 15.

. ואתחזק esset

καὶ ἀνέστη Σαμουὴλ, καὶ ἀπῆλθεν ἐκ Γαλγάλων. καὶ τὸ κατάλειμμα τοῦ λαοῦ ἀνέβη ὀπίσω Σαούλ εἰς ἀπάντησιν ὀπίσω τοῦ λαοῦ τοῦ πολεμιστοῦ· αὐτῶν παραγενομένων ἐκ Γαλγάλων εἰς Γαβαὰ Βενιαμὶν, καὶ ἐπεσκέψατο Σαούλ, κ.τ.λ.

Au. Ver.-15 And Samuel arose, and gat him up from Gilgal unto Gibeah of Benjamin. And Saul numbered the people that were present [Heb., found] with him, about six hundred men.

Houb., Ged.-On this Samuel arose, and went from Gilgal. But the remainder of the people went up after Saul to meet the enemy; and when they came from Gilgal [LXX, Vulg.] to Gibeah of Benjamin, Saul, &c.

20 καὶ κατέβαινον πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ εἰς γῆν ἀλλοφύλων χαλκεύειν ἕκαστος τὸ θέριστρον αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ σκεῦος αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἕκαστος τὴν ἀξίνην αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ δρέπανον αὐτοῦ. 21 καὶ ἦν ὁ τρυγητὸς ἕτοιμος τοῦ θερίζειν. τὰ δὲ σκεύη ἦν τρεῖς σίκλοι εἰς τὸν ὀδόντα, καὶ τῇ ἀξίνῃ καὶ ro dрeñávo vñóσraσis ĥv ý avτý.

Au. Ver.20 But all the Israelites went down to the Philistines, to sharpen every man his share, and his coulter, and his axe, and his mattock.

21 Yet they had a file [Heb., a file with mouths] for the mattocks, and for the coulters, and for the forks, and for the axes, and to sharpen [Heb., to set the goads. 20 Share, mattock.

Gesen.- and n fem. 1 Sam. xiii. 20, two agricultural cutting instruments, one of which perhaps is the plough-share (r. No. 3), and the other the coulter. The plur. of both is in v. 21.

So

Prof. Lee.-, and no, r. vn. Arab., aratrum. Lit. Cutter. Aff. 1 Sam. xiii. 20, in, and ing. Auth. Vers. "his share, and his coulter." Gesen. LXX, δρέπανον and θεριστήριον. Tromm. Sym. Tv övviv (al. ¿viv), kaì Tηv δίκελλαν. Aquila, for the first, τριόδοντα. Houb.-(Surrexit Samuel) et ivit de Gal- Theod. ВоÚкEVтрov. As in, occurring here, gala in Gabaa Benjamin. Existimabat signifies a part of the plough, it is not very Piscator esse mutandum in w, probable that these our words have anything The Greek quoniam Saul in subsequentibus rebus dicitur to do with that instrument. esse in Gabaa Benjamin, et quoniam Samuel translators are probably the most correct. non ampliùs comparet. Sed melius re- Pl., Ib. vr. 21, al. non occ.

stituuntur hæc, quæ habent Græci Intt. quorum scribæ omittendorum hanc habuere

Coulter.

Gesen.-III. 1 Sam. xiii. 20; Plur.

Arab.

o'ng ib. v. 21, and D Is. ii. 4; Mic. iv. 3; ness, pp. the being notched; spoken of Joel iv. 10; an agricultural instrument of cutting instruments, 1 Sam. xiii. 21. iron, having an edge and requiring to be s

sometimes sharpened (1 Sam. 1. c.) accord-, a sword notched, dull.

ing to most of the ancient intpp. a plough- , edges of cutting instruments, 1 Sam. share or coulter, though in 1 Sam. I. c. it is xiii. 21; nip, id., Prov. v. 4. joined with 2, plough-share; according Prof. Lee.-, f. once, 1 Sam. xiii. 21. to Symm. and the Rabbins, a mattock. The The verse appears corrupt, and the LXX LXX in Sam. 1. c. use the more general evidently followed a very different text.

, קְצִירָה פִים Two interpretations are given to

word σkeûos; comp. Arab., house- [1] Bluntness of edge: so the Vulgate, hold-stuff, flocks and herds, utensils. In- which is followed by Gesenius, Dathe, and deed, I would prefer to regard n as contr. several modern versions. This translation, for (as ny for n from ), i. q. Arab. however, would require so the Syriac, which is ll, instrument,, apparatus, instru- Auth. Vers. and Castell. τρυγητὸς ἕτοιμος τοῦ θερίζειν : r. 735.

2 3

ment, espec. of war, from r.,, to help, also to be furnished with instruments, apparatus; and this general word is then probably put for some particular kind of instrument, perhaps for the coulter of a plough; see the passages above cited from Isaiah and Micah.

Prof. Lee.- (for , Gram., art. 75). The LXX translate it by σkevos, instrument, and porpa, ploughs. The Syr. by A, and pl. þ, plough-shares. Arab.

, vomis aratri. Arab. Ló12, molle

fuit ferrum:, molle ferrum. According to Jauhari iron, as distinguished from steel.

, אֵיתָן whence, אִית .Hence cogn

?. [2] A file: followed by our LXX, kai ĥv ỏ

Dr. A. Clarke.--21 Yet they had a file.] The Hebrew, from 13, to rub hard, is translated very differently by the versions Our translation may be as and by critics. likely as any: they permitted them the use of files (I believe the word means grindstone), to restore the blunted edges of their tridents, axes, and goads.

For the forks.

Gesen. m. a sharp point, prong; 1 Sam. xiii. 21 in apposit., threepronged fork, with which hay, straw, and the like are gathered up, pp.

prongs.”

"a

triad of

Au. Ver.-3 And Ahiah, the son of fortis robustus, the σidnpopov of Eschylus. Ahitub, I-chabod's brother, the son of A plough-iron, as our agriculturists term Phinehas, the son of Eli, the LORD's priest both the coulter and share; and plur. plough-in Shiloh, wearing an ephod, &c. irons, 1 Sam. xiii. 20, 21; Is. ii. 4; Joel Wearing an ephod. iv. 10; Mich. iv. 3. The ancient ploughiron, seems to have been a sort of hook only, which, when drawn along by oxen, tore up the ground in furrows; and was not unlike an anchor with one side or hook only. And hence it was, perhaps, that an anchor

Bp. Patrick.—Or rather, the ephod; which comprehends the breast plate, with urim and thummim, for they were inseparable from it. These Ahijah, being high-priest, now wore : for these words, as Ralbag observes, belong to him (see Selden, lib. i. De Success, ad Pontif., cap. 3).

Ged., Booth.-Wore the ephod.
Dathe.-Tum ephodum gestabat.

5

-one town to the other might now be ob |; הַיַּן הָאֶחָד מָצוּק מִצָפְוֹן מִוּל מִכְמָשׁ

TIT

structed, or were not so fit for his present

4 καὶ ἀναμέσον τῆς διαβάσεως οὗ ἐζήτει Ged.-4 Between himself and the place, Ιωνάθαν διαβῆναι εἰς τὴν ὑπόστασιν τῶν ἀλλο- to which Jonathan had to pass over to the φύλων, καὶ ὀδοὺς πέτρας ἐκ τούτου, καὶ ὁδοὺς garrison of the Philistines, there was a sharp πέτρας ἐκ τούτου ὄνομα τῷ ἑνὶ Βασὲς, καὶ rock on the one side, and a sharp rock on ὄνομα τῷ ἄλλῳ Σεννά. 5 ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ μία ἀπὸ the other, &c. Βοῤῥᾶ ἐρχομένῳ Μαχμάς, καὶ ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ ἄλλη ἀπὸ Νότου ἐρχομένῳ Γαβαέ.

Au. Ver.-4 And between the passages, by which Jonathan sought to go over unto the Philistines' garrison, there was a sharp rock on the one side, and a sharp rock on the other side and the name of the one was Bozez, and the name of the other Seneh.

Ged., Booth.-5 The sharp point of the one looked northward, over against [Ged., fronting] Michmash; and of the other southward, over against Gibeah.

Houb.-5 p. Nos id verbum non interpretamur, quod non legunt Græci Intt. quodque malè iteratum fuit ex verbo sequenti, ob utriusque similitudinem.

Gesen.- m. (r. II. 2) a pillar,

5 The forefront [Heb., tooth] of the one column. Kimchi well, 7, 2. 1 Sam. was situate northward over against Mich- ii. 8, the pillars of the earth, i. q., mash, and the other southward over against. Trop. of a rock or cliff isolated Gibeah. like a column; 1 Sam. xiv. 5, the one crag

Dr. A. Clarke.-4 The name of the ones jose pase, a column on the north was Bozez.] Slippery; and the name of the over against Michmash. See Robinson's other Seneh, treading down.-Targum. Palest. ii., p. 116.-In the Talmud p is a high and steep mountain.

Gesen.- (shining, glittering, from , to shine) Bozez, pr. n. of a rock near Gibeah, 1 Sam. xiv. 4.

Seneh, pr. n. thorn-rock.

Prof. Lee. (a) Pillars, supports. (b) Eminences, projecting parts, as craggs, of rocks, 1 Sam. xiv. 5. Gesen. "columna s. rupes prærupta."

Ver. 6.

– אוּלַי יַעֲשֶׂה יְהוָה לָנוּ וגו'

will work for us: for there is no restraint
to the LORD to save by many or by
few.

It may be the Lord will work for us.
Houb.-Spero equidem non defuturum
nobis à Domino signum.

Pool.-4 The passages; so these might be two known and common passages, both which Jonathan must cross, or pass over, to go to the Philistines, between which the following rocks lay. But the words may be — εἴτι ποιήσαι Κύριος ἡμῖν, κ.τ.λ. rendered thus, In the middle (for so the Au. Ver.-6 And Jonathan said to the Hebrew particle ben signifies, as Isa. xliv. 4; young man that bare his armour, Come, and and beth, in, is understood by a very frequent let us go over unto the garrison of these ellipsis) of the passage; the plural number uncircumcised: it may be that the LORD being put for the singular, as is frequent. A sharp rock on the one side, and on the other side; which is not so to be understood, as if in this passage one rock was on the right band, and the other on the left; for so he should have gone between both; and there was no need of climbing up to them, Adde , signum, quod legebat Chaldæus, which is mentioned below, ver. 13. But the qui so TM, fuciet signum. Optime hoc loco meaning is, that the tooth (or prominency) signum: nam in subsequentibus declarat of the one rock (as it is in the Hebrew) was Jonathas armigero suo, quodnam à Domino on the one side, i. e., northward, looking to- signum sit habiturus; atque ipsum 1187, wards Michmash (the garrison of the Phi- quod versu 10 legitur, præfixo demonstralistines), and the tooth of the other rock was tivo, indicare videtur Jonathan de signo jam on the other side, i. e., southward, looking dixisse; nempe hoc versu 6. Syrus vero et towards Gibeah (where Saul's camp lay), as Arabs, forte adjuvabit nos Dominus; quæ the next verse informs us; and Jonathan sententia ut locum haberet, oporteret scripwas forced to climb over these two rocks, tum fuisse 10 mm, faciet Dominus because the other and common ways from nobiscum, non autem, nobis.