66 on this occasion. "We begin, royal sir, to breathe and live, .66 now we find you in the condition to which the goodness of "the gods has restored you. But how great were our fears "and our griefs? How severely did we reproach ourselves, "for having abandoned, in such extremity, our king, our "father! It was not in our power to follow him; but this "" did not extenuate our guilt, and we look upon ourselves as "criminals, in not having attempted impossibilities for your "sake. But, sir, never plunge us in such deep affliction "hereafter. Does a wretched paltry town deserve to be bought at so dear a price as the loss of your life? Leave "those petty exploits and enterprises to us, and preserve your person for such occasions only as are worthy of you. "We still shudder with horror, when we reflect on what we so lately were spectators of. We have seen the moment, when the most abject hands upon the earth were going to seize the greatest prince in the universe, and de"spoil him of his royal robes. Permit us, sir, to say, you are not your own master, but that you owe yourself to us; we have a right over your life, since ours depends on it ; "and we dare take the fredom to conjure you, as being your subjects and your children, to be more careful of so pre"cious a life, if not for your own sake, at least for ours, and "for the felicity of the universe." 66 .66. .46 66 The king was strongly touched with these testimonies of their affection; and having embraced them severally with inexpressible tenderness, he answered as follows: "I can"not enough thank all present, who are the flower of my "citizens and friends, not only for your having this day pre"ferred my safety to your own, but also for the strong proofs you have given me of your zeal and affection, from the beginning of this war: and, if any thing is capable of making me wish for a longer life, it is the pleasure of enjoying, for years to come, such valuable friends as you. But give me "leave to observe, that in some points we differ very much ❝in opinion. You wish to enjoy me long; and even, if it were possible, for ever; but as to myself, I compute the length "of my existence, not by years, but by glory. I might have “confined my ambition within the narrow limits of Mace"donia; and, contented with the kingdom my ancestors left 46 me, have waited, in the midst of pleasures and indolence, an inglorious old age. I own, that, if my victories, not my years, are computed, I shall seem to have lived long; but can you imagine, that, after having made Europe and Asia but one empire, after having conquered the two noblest parts of the world, in the tenth year of my reign and the "thirtieth of my age, it will become me to stop in the midst “of so brilliant a career, and discontinue the pursuit of glory, "to which I have entirely devoted myself? Know that this "glory ennobles all things, and give a true and solid grandeur "to whatever appears insignificant. In what place soever "I may fight, I shall fancy myself upon the stage of the "world, and in presence of all mankind. I confess that I "have achieved mighty things hitherto; but the country "we are now in reproaches me that a woman has done still greater. It is Semiramis I mean. How many nations did "she conquer! How many cities were built by her! What "magnificent and stupendous works did she finish! How "shameful is it, that I should not yet have attained to so "exalted a pitch of glory! Do but second my ardour, and I "shall soon surpass her. Defend me only from secret cabals "and domestic treasons, by which most princes lose their lives, I take the rest upon myself and will be answerable "to you for all the events of the war. This speech gives us a perfect idea of Alexander's character. He had no notion of true glory. He did not know either the principle, the rule, or end, of it. He certainly placed it where it was not. The common error was that which he adopted and cherished. He fancied himself born merely for glory; and that none could be acquired but by unbounded, unjust, and irregular, conquests. In his impetuous sallies after a mistaken glory, he followed neither reason, virtue, nor humanity; and, as if his ambitious caprice ought to have been a rule and standard to all other men, he was surprised that neither his officers nor soldiers would enter into his views; and lent themselves very unwillingly to support his ridiculous enterprises. Alexander, after having ended his speech, dismissed the assembly, and continued encamped for several days in this place. He afterwards went upon the river, and his army marched after him along the banks. He then came among the Sabraca, a powerful nation of Indians. These had levied 60,000 foot and 6000 horse, and reinforced them with 500 chariots; however, the arrival of Alexander spread a terror through the whole country, and accordingly they sent ambassadors to make their submission. After having built another city, which he also called Alexandria, he arrived in the territories of Musicanus, a very rich prince, and afterwards in those of king Samus. At the siege of one of this king's towns, Ptolemy was dangerously wounded; for the Indians had poisoned all their arrows and swords, so that the wounds they made were mortal. Alexander, who had the highest love and esteem for Ptolemy, was very much afflicted, and caused him to be brought in his bed near him, that he himself might have an eye to his cure. He was his near relation, and, according to some writers, a natural son of Philip. Ptolemy was one of the bravest men in the army, was highly esteemed in war, and had greater talents for peace. He was averse to luxury, vastly generous, easy of access, and did not imitate the pomp, which wealth and prosperity had made the rest of the Macedonian noblemen assume; in a word, it is hard to say whether he was more esteemed by his sovereign or his country. We are told there appeared to Alexander, in a dream, a dragon, which presented him an herb, as an effectual remedy for his friend's wound; and that, upon his waking, he ordered it to be sent for, when laying it upon the wound, it was healed in a few days, to the universal joy of the army. The king, continuing his voyage, arrived at Patala about the rising of the dog-star, that is, about the end of July; se that the fleet was nine months at least from it setting out till its arrival at that place. There the river Indus divides into two large arms, and forms an island, but much larger, like the Delta of the Nile; and hence the city above mentioned received its name, Patala, according to Arrian, signifying in the Indian tongue, the same as Delta in the Greek. Alexander caused a citadel to be built in Patala, as also an harbour and an arsenal for the shipping. This being done, he embarked on the right arm of the river, in order to sail as far as the ocean, exposing in this manner so many brave men to the mercy of a river with which they were wholly unacquainted. The only consolation they had in this rash enterprise was Alexander's uninterrupted success. When he had sailed 20 leagues, the pilots told him that they began to perceive the sea-air, and therefore believed that the ocean could not be far off. Upon this news, leaping for joy, he besought the sailors to row with all their strength, and told the soldiers "That they at last were come to the end of their "toils, which they had so earnestly desired; that now no"thing could oppose their valour, nor add to their glory; "that, without fighting any more, or spilling of blood, they were masters of the universe; that their exploits had the same boundaries with nature; and that they would soon "be spectators of things, known only to the immortal "gods. 46 46 Being come nearer the sea, a circumstance new and unheard of by the Macedonians threw them into the utmost confusion, and exposed the fleet to the greatest danger; and this was the ebbing and flowing of the ocean. Forming a judgment of this vast sea from that of the Mediterranean, the only one they knew, and whose ebbings are imperceptible, they were very much astonished when they saw it rise to a great height, and overflow the country; and considered it as a mark e Strab. 1. xv. p. 692 b Arrian. in Indic. p. 314. c Four hundred farlongs of the anger of the gods, who were disposed to punish their rashness. They were no less surprised and terrified, some hours after, when they saw the ebbing of the sea, which now withdrew as it had before advanced, leaving those lands uncovered it had so lately overflowed. The fleet was very much shattered, and the ships being now upon dry land, the fields were covered with clothes, with broken oars and planks, as after a great storm. At last Alexander, after having spent full nine months in coming down the rivers, arrived at the ocean; where, gazing with the utmost eagerness upon that vast expanse of waters, he imagined that this sight, worthy so great a conqueror as himself, greatly overpaid all the toils he had undergone, and the many thousand men he had lost, to arrive at it. He then offered sacrifices to the gods, and particularly to Neptune; threw into the sea the bulls he had slaughtered, and a great number of golden cups; and besought the gods not to suffer any mortal after him to exceed the bounds of his expedition. Finding that he had extended his conquests to the extremities of the earth on that side, he imagined he had completed his mighty design; and, highly delighted with himself, he returned to rejoin the rest of his fleet and army, which waited for him at Patala, and in the neighbourhood of that place. SECT. XVII. Alexander is grieviously distressed by famine. He marries Statira, the daughter of Darius. • Alexander, being returned to Patala, prepared all things for the departure of his fleet. He appointed Nearchus admiral of it, who was the only officer that had the courage to accept of this commission, which was a very hazardous one, because they were to sail over a sea entirely unknown to them. The king was very much pleased at his accepting of it; and, after testifying his acknowledgement upon that account in the most obliging terms, he commanded him to take the best ships in the fleet, and to go and observe the sea-coast extending from the Indus to the bottom of the Persian gulf: and, after having given these orders, he set out by land for Babylon. Nearchus did not leave the Indus at the same time with Alexander. It was not yet the season proper for sailing. It was summer, when the southern sea-winds rise; and the season of the north-winds, which blow in winter, was not yet come. He therefore did not set sail till about the end of September, which was too soon; and accordingly he was Arrian in Indic. p. 334. ō Ibid. p. 335. incommoded by winds some days after his departure, and obliged to shelter himself for twenty-four days. We are obliged for these particulars to Arrian, who has given us an exact journal of this voyage, copied from that of Nearchus, the admiral. Alexander, after having left Patala, marched through the country of the Orita, the capital whereof was called Ora, or Rhambacis. Here he was in such want of provision that he lost a great number of soldiers, and brought back from India scarcely the fourth part of his army, which had consisted of 120,000 foot and 15,000 horse. Sickness, bad food, and the excessive heats, had swept them away in multitudes; but famine made a still greater havoc among the troops in this barren country, which was neither plowed nor sowed; its inhabitants being savages, who fared very hard, and led a most uncomfortable life. After they had eaten all the palmtree roots that could be met with, they were obliged to feed upon the beasts of burthen, and next upon their war-horses; and, when they had no beasts left to carry their baggage, they were forced to burn those rich spoils, for the sake of which the Macedonians had run to the extremities of the earth. The plague, a disease, which generally accompanies famine, completed the calamity of the soldiers, and destroy ed great numbers of them. After marching 60 days, Alexander arrived on the confines of Gedrosia, where he found plenty of all things: for not only the soil was very fruitful, but the kings and great men, who lay nearest that country, sent him all kind of provisions. He continued some time here, in order to refresh his army. The governors of India having sent, by his order, a great number of horses and all kinds of beasts of burthen, from the several kingdoms subject to him, he remounted his troops, equipped those who had lost every thing, and soon after presented all of them with arms, as beautiful as those they had before, which it was very easy for him to do, as they were upon the confines of Persia, at that time in peace, and in a very flourishing condition. He arrived in Carmania, now called Kerman, and went through it, not with the air and equipage of a warrior and a conqueror, but in a kind of masquerade, and Bacchanalian festivity; committing the most riotous and extravagant actions. He was drawn by eight horses, himself being seated on a magnificent chariot, above which a scaffold was raised, in the form of a square stage, where he passed the days and nights in feasts and carousing. This chariot was preceded and followed by an infinite number of others, some of which, in the shape of tents, were covered with rich carpets, and purple coverlets; and others, shaped like cradles, were |