What is fabled of Fo-hi, on what account was he raised to the throne, and with what epithet honoured? How is he described, and what is he said to have instituted and invented, and what to have chosen as his assistant ? What did he establish and appoint, and when did he die?

What were the actions and character of Shin-nong? Of what did Whang-ti exhibit marks, and what did he teach? On what arts and sciences did he employ himself?

What had succeeding princes to do? How are the monarchs of China reckoned estimable, and to what has their attention been directed?

SPAIN.

THE Country anciently distinguished by the name of Iberia, Hesperia, and Hispania, and now generally known by the appellation of Spain, was situated between ten and three degrees of east longitude, and between forty-four and forty six degrees of north latitude; being bounded on the north by the Pyrenean mountains, on the east by the Mediterranean, on the south by the straits of Gibraltar, and on the west by the Atlantic ocean.

It seems probable, that the Spaniards were descended from Gomer, the eldest son of Japhet, whose posterity peopled Europe, at least as far as the Danube and the Rhine. It may, therefore, be rationally supposed, that they were originally instructed in the worship of the true God, and probably adhered for a long series of years to the practices of the ancient patriarchs; but that, as their country was afterwards invaded by the Egyptians, Tyrians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and other nations, a strange diversity of religious opinions and ceremonies was gradually introduced among them. However, after the invasion of the Romans, a considerable change was effected in the system of their religion, and under the reign of Ariamirus, king of the Sueves, they embraced the faith of the gospel.

The government of the Spaniards, from their first settling in Europe, was probably monarchical; but as they increased in numbers, and augmented their territories, they divided themselves into a multiplicity of petty kingdoms and commonwealths. The original language of the ancient Spaniards was the Celtic.

After the expulsion of the Carthaginians, this country remained under the government of forty-six emperors from Augustus, who completed its subjugation, till Honorius, in whose reign the Romans were expelled by the Vandals

Alans, and Suevi. Nineteen Gothic kings possessed the throne during the space of two hundred years, from A. D. 369 to A. D. 569. The Suevi reigned in Gallicia one hundred and seventy-seven years, from A. D. 408 to A. D. 584. Lastly, the united kingdoms of the Goths and Suevi subsisted one hundred and twenty-seven years, from A. D. 586 to the subversion of the monarchy by the Moors in A. D. 713.

Questions on the History of Spain.

By what names was this country anciently distinguished, where was it situated, and by what bounded?

From whom were the Spaniards descended, and what was their religion? When did they embrace the faith of the gospel?

What was the government, and into what did the people divide themselves? What was the language?

After the expulsion of the Carthaginians, to how many emperors was this country subject? How many Gothic kings possessed the throne? Where and how long reigned the Suevi? and how long subsisted the united kingdoms of the Goths and Suevi?

GAUL.

THE Gauls were the immediate descendants of the Celtes, or the same people under a more modern name. The Romans generally called this country by the name of CeltoGallia, and distinguished one part of it from another by the appellations of Cisalpina or Citerior, Transalpina or Ulterior, and Subalpina. Afterwards, Julius Cæsar distinguished the whole of this region under the names of Belgia, Aquitania, and Gallia Propria; the last of which was subdivided into Comata, Braccata, and Togata.

When Gaul was first invaded by the Romans, it was divided into a number of small independent states, which differed from each other in their language, institutions, and laws. Most of these states were under an aristocratical form of government; but several were governed by kings, who were always elected, and whose authority was very limited. Some states were so averse to regal government, that death was the punishment of him who aimed a* the sovereignty.

The language of the Gauls was the old Celtic or Gomerian, which is still preserved, at least in a great measure,

in many parts of Europe, particularly in Biscay, Brittany, Cornwall, Ireland, the Hebrides, the Highlands of Scotland, and North Wales. They do not appear to have had, originally, any written characters of their own, but, in process of time, adopted the Greek letters, for the purpose of facilitating their commerce, which seems to have been very considerable, both from the veneration which they expressed towards Mercury, as the god of traffic, and from a great number of ancient inscriptions dedicated, by the Gaulish merchants, to their deities.

Their

With respect to their arts, next to the military, which, though their especial favourite, was only indifferently cultivated, eloquence was that in which they prided themselves most, and which seemed most natural to them. youth were commonly instructed out of those poems which were composed by the bards and druids; heroic verses were either sung or recited on all public occasions; and they represented Mercury, the god of eloquence, with the symbols of Hercules, to show what power that art had over them above all others.

Previously to their subjugation by the Romans, the Gauls erected neither temples nor statues; but they planted spacious groves, which, being open on the top and sides, were deemed more suitable for the worship of an unconfined Being. They chose the oak as a favourite emblem of the Deity; because that tree was always considered with vene>ation, and many supernatural virtues were attributed to its ood, leaves, fruit, and misletoe. All religious concerns were placed in the hands of their priests, afterwards called druids and bards, who performed sacrifices and all other solemn rites, and instructed youth in philosophy, astronomy, and astrology, and taught the doctrines of the immortality and the transmigration of souls.

After this country had been conquered by Cæsar, the Gauls continued for a considerable time submissive to the Roman government; but being provoked by the rigid exactions of the prefects, they attempted in vain to recover their former liberty. When the Roman empire was overrun by the barbarous nations, Gaul was invaded first by the Goths and Visigoths, then by the Burgundians, and finally by the Franks, a fierce people of Germany.

Questions on the History of Gaul.

Who were the Gauls, and what did the Romans generally call this

country, and how distinguish one part from another? By what names did Julius Cæsar distinguish the whole of this region?

How was Gaul divided when invaded by the Romans, and what was the form of government?

What was the language of the Gauls, and where is it still preserved? What written characters did they use, and was their commerce considerable? What arts did they cultivate, and how does it appear that they prided themselves most in the art of eloquence?

Previously to their subjugation by the Romans, had the Gauls any temples or statues, and why did they choose the oak as an emblem of the Deity? In whose hands were all religious concerns placed?

Did the Gauls continue submissive to the Roman government, and by whom was Gaul successively invaded?

GERMANY.

GERMANY was anciently bounded by the Hercynian forest on the north; by Scythia and Sarmatia on the east ; by the Danube on the south; and by the Rhine on the west. Cæsar and Tacitus describe this country as a barren and uncultivated tract, equally dreadful on account of its steril soil, unwholesome bogs, impervious forests, and inclement winds. The Romans, however, introduced agriculture with tolerable success, and instructed the natives in those useful arts which they had formerly despised.

The Germans were also descended from the Celtes, from whom they received their religion, laws, and customs. They acknowledged one supreme deity, whom they called Esus; expressed the most profound veneration for the leaves, fruit, and misletoe of the oak; and usually performed their devotion in sacred groves, woods, or forests. They also worshipped, as inferior deities, Jupiter, Mars, or Odin, Mercury, Venus, Diana, &c.; and they sometimes sprinkled their altars with human blood.

Germany, like Gaul, was divided into tribes, each of which had an independent government. They held their national councils at least once a year, when they deliberated concerning peace or war, the nomination of officers both civil and military, the sending out of colonies or auxiliaries, and all other matters of importance.

In those states which were under a monarchical government, no appeal was made to the sovereign on subjects of a public concern; neither did he receive any other revenue than a part of the fines and such voluntary offerings as the

people thought fit to make of their cattle, or the fruits of the earth. The expences of the sovereign, however, were proportionably small, as all his subjects, capable of bearing arms, were obliged to follow him to battle. The subjects were divided into several ranks, such as nobles, freeborn, freedmen, and bondmen; in each of which classes, those were most esteemed who had signalized themselves by their prudence or heroism.

This country was subjugated by the Romans. It was afterwards conquered by Charlemagne, whom the pope declared emperor, and who fixed his imperial residence in Germany.

Questions on the History of Germany.

By what was Germany anciently bounded, and how do Cæsar and Tacitus describe this country? What did the Romans introduce and

instruct?

From whom were the Germans descended, and what was their religion? How was Germany divided? When were held the national councils, and on what did they deliberate?

In states under a monarchical government, was there any appeal to the sovereign, and what was the nature of the revenue which he received? Were the people obliged to follow their king to battle, and into what ranks were the subjects divided?

By whom was this country subjugated, and by whom afterwards conquered?

BRITAIN.

GREAT Britain, which comprehends the kingdoms of England and Scotland, and the principality of Wales, was also anciently denominated Albion, from the whiteness of its cliffs or its inhabitants. It is situated between the fiftieth and fifty-ninth degrees of north latitude; being bounded on the north by the Northern Ocean; on the west by the Vergivian or Irish Sea; on the east by the German Ocean; and on the south by the British Channel. The southern parts of this island are said to have been first peopled by the Gauls; and the more northern inhabitants to have come originally from Germany. The Picts, who occupied the eastern part of the country, which lay to the northward of the Tyne, are said to have migrated from Scythia, and formed a settlement in Britain. Bede asserts, that the Scots came from Ireland, under the conduct of a