provisions. The load of maize was then worth five pesos, but the natives from two adjoining towns demanded that it should be sold for less, whereupon the alcalde mayor, Fernando de Bustamante, finally consented to make a reduction of one peso. This, however, did not pacify them, and they immediately seized upon the maize lying in the plaza. Without a sufficient force to support his authority, the alcalde mayor knew that it would be vain to oppose them, and they were allowed to carry off the maize unmolested. About midday, however, noting an increasing excitement among the natives, and fearing an outbreak similar to the one in the capital, he caused a drum to be beaten in the streets as a signal for the Spaniards to muster at the city hall. It was now two o'clock, and but six Spaniards had answered the summons, when a large body of natives gathered around the building, and meeting with no opposition, set fire to it. The alcalde and his companions stood to their post until a reenforcement of twenty citizens enabled them to attack and disperse the rioters. Assistance soon arrived from different points, including a company of cavalry from the capital. Order was restored, and the principal rioters punished; but during the disturbance the greater part of the city hall was destroyed, and one hundred natives and three Spaniards killed. 24

Quiet was now restored25 in the capital and throughout the kingdom. On the 16th the cabildo met for

21 Sixty of the rioters were executed. Sigüenza y Góngora, Carta, MS., 80; Robles, Diario, ii. 98-104. The Carta de un Religioso, 237, gives a some. what different account. The scene of the riot is placed at Santa Cruz, a native town of some 7,000 inhabitants, in the vicinity of Tlascala. The rioters sought to kill the alcalde mayor, who, however, escaped; the religious appeared with the host, but were stoned and compelled to take refuge in the church; a force of 300 infantry and 100 cavalry was ordered from Vera Cruz; and the Tlascalan Indians sent a message to the viceroy protesting their innocence, and offering to furnish 400 warriors. Cavo, Tres Siglos, makes no mention of this affair. Rivera, Gob. Mex., i., gives an erroneous account.

25 Robles, Diario, ii. 103, states that on July 10th intelligence was received at the capital of a riot in Guadalajara, in which two oidores had been stoned. This, however, was no doubt a false rumor, as no further reference is made to it, nor is it mentioned by any other authority.

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the first time since the riot, but the sessions of the audiencia were not resumed until the 30th. On this latter date the viceroy made a full report to the crown of the riot and of his subsequent measures, which were approved. 27

Habitual intoxication among the natives was justly regarded as one of the chief causes of the late outbreak, and the use or sale of pulque in the city was strictly forbidden, though the order was little regarded, and to deprive the natives of a beverage to the use of which they had been accustomed from childhood was a measure of doubtful policy.23 On the 19th of July, the day on which the manufacture and sale of the liquor was prohibited throughout New Spain under heavy penalties,29 a mestizo was whipped in the capital for having in his possession a pitcher of pulque.30 In a few years, however, its use and sale were again permitted.31

Neither stalls nor booths were again allowed to be erected in the plaza, and in their place a spacious

26 The cabildo had selected as temporary council rooms the new hall of the public granary, and the audiencia occupied a portion of the palace. Parian, Col. Doc., 11-13, in Varios Impresos, i.; Robles, Diario, ii. 102.

21 Parian, Col. Doc., 14; Rivera, Gob. Mex. i. 275. Galve suspended the captain of the palace guard and sent him to the fortress of Ulúa, pending the investigation of his conduct. This act caused no little surprise and comment, as his conduct on the evening of the riot was generally applauded. Carta de un Religioso, 388-9. Moreover it was remarked that during the riot the viceroy had remained securely guarded within the walls of a convent. The captain was reinstated. Robles, Diario, ii. 96, 100.

28 The viceroy had previously written to the king in regard to its evil effects, but nothing appears to have been done. Sigüenza y Góngora, Carta, MS., 78. Cavo, Tres Siglos, ii. 82-3, believes that a book written about this time on the evils caused by the excessive use of pulque was due to the influence of Viceroy Galve. See also Robles, Diario, ii. 96-7.

29 The penalty for Spaniards was 200 pesos, and for Indians, whipping and hard labor. Robles, Diario, ii. 103-4.

30 During August the use of mattings in the plaza was prohibited, and on the 15th of this month all roofs composed of shingles were ordered to be removed within 24 hours. All natives were forbidden to appear in the streets of the capital after dark; and a few days later they were forbidden to wear shoes or cloaks. Mestizos were compelled to present themselves, and were not allowed to carry swords. Robles, Diario, ii. 103-4. According to Cavo, Tres Siglos, ii. 82, the Indians were compelled to cut off their forelock, and thereafter to conform to the native custom in the manner of wearing their hair and dress.

31 The baratillo was not finally abolished until 1696. Cédulas Reales, MS., ii. 173.

stone building was begun in 1695, and, with the exception of certain parts of its interior, finished in 1703. It was first called the Alcaicería de la Plaza Mayor, because built after the manner of the raw silk market in Manila. Its name was soon afterward changed to the Parian.32

33

During the next year nothing worthy of note occurred in the capital. In 1693 the rebuilding of the palace was begun, and in course of time this structure assumed magnificent proportions. Although occupied in 1697 by Viceroy Montezuma, it was not completed until nearly a hundred years later.

About the end of the eighteenth century the palace is described as a magnificent building, covering four squares, and exceeding in extent the largest building in Madrid. It had a handsome façade, and within were three courtyards, each communicating with the other. Facing the largest of the three were situated the halls of the audiencia, with all its offices, and those of the other tribunals. This was called the palace court to distinguish it from the others, and a fountain, whose central figure was a bronze horse, occupied its center. Here also was the principal entrance to the palace. Adjoining this court was that on which the viceregal apartments faced, a series of spacious rooms occupying the upper portion of the building and

32 So called because its interior resembled that of the oriental bazaar. In 1703 the building, with 98 stalls, was completed, at a cost of 97,052 pesos; between 1757 and 1794 83 more were added, making in all 181 stalls, and the total cost of the building 141,570 pesos. Parian, Col. Doc., 1-2, 22, 49; Dicc. Univ., v. 738-9.

33 The maintenance of order in the city was henceforth assured by the organization of two regiments of militia. Notwithstanding the frequent orders of the crown, the two cavalry companies formed on the 9th of June and supported by the royal treasury were not abolished until the end of 1696. Parian, Col. Doc., 13-16. The final decree abolishing them was dated Oct. 9, 1696.

34 Work on the palace was begun about the middle of February under the direction of Fray Diego de Valverde, an Augustine friar. Robles, Diario, ii. 125-6. During the administration of Viceroy Galve the sum of 195,544 pesos was expended in the work. In future administrations appropriations of a greater or less amount were made, that during the rule of Viceroy Flores, 1787-9, being the last. According to an official report made in 1792 by order of Viceroy Revilla Gigedo, the total amount expended in its reconstruction was 781,607 pesos. Alaman, Disert. Hist. Mex., iii. app. 100-2.

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fronting on the main plaza. In the rear of this was situated the third court, occupied by the quarters of the palace guard. A series of spacious apartments also fronted on the plazuela del Volador; and besides the mint, a separate building within the palace walls, there was an extensive garden for the recreation of the viceroys.35

Though the scarcity of grain continued during the three following years, it was only in a slight degree and for brief periods; but in 1696 the danger of famine was so great that another outbreak was threatened, and was prevented only by the most energetic measures.3

36

During Galve's rule the province of New Mexico was reconquered after a series of attempts extending over a period of nearly fourteen years. In August 1680 this territory was the scene of the most serious revolt that had occurred since the conquest of Mexico. All was arranged for a given day throughout the territory. Four hundred Spaniards, including twentyfive Franciscan friars, were slaughtered by the natives, and the survivors compelled to abandon the province. During subsequent years numerous expeditions were sent out by the successive governors to reoccupy it, but notwithstanding the quarrels among themselves the natives successfully resisted all attempts to subjugate them until 1694.

In 1692 an expedition recaptured without blood

85 Estrella, xxvi. 264-7, 278-9.

S6 Robles, Diario, ii. 130-71. Cavo, Tres Siglos, ii. 84-5, states that in 1694, owing to the great scarcity, an epidemic appeared which carried off thousands of the people. Lorenzana, Hist. N. Spain, 28, and Panes, Vireyes, MS., also speak of a pestilence in this year, which they imply was a divine punishment visited on the rioters. I am disposed to reject these statements; for Robles, whose Diario is a diary of the important events of this period, makes no mention of any pestilence between 1692 and 1696, excepting an epidemic in a convent of the capital which in April 1695 carried off six nuns. An epidemic of measles appeared in the city of Puebla in September 1692, and in one parish alone carried off 3,000 children. Robles, Diario, ii. 110; ivera, Diario, 75. This latter authority calls this event a horrible pestilence, ...attributed to the prohibition of pulque.' Carlos María Bustamante was the editor of this work, as also that of Cavo, Tres Siglos, both of which contain many interpolations, and the connection between the above absurd

shed the capital of New Mexico, and received the submission of several other towns. In 1696 another revolt occurred, in which five missionaries and twenty colonists lost their lives and many towns were abandoned, but before the end of the year quiet was restored. Henceforth the natives continued submissive to Spanish rule.37

Owing to ill-health the viceroy had several times asked to be relieved, and his petition was finally granted in July of 1695. He left Mexico City on the 10th of May of the following year, and died soon after his arrival in Spain. His justice, moderation, zeal, and ability won for him the esteem of the people and the approval of the crown. At his residencia the oidor Charcon brought thirty charges against him, but failing to prove them was banished from the city."

Prominent among noted Mexicans of colonial times stands Cárlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, a man of learning and varied attainments. A native of the capital, where he was born in 1645, he inherited his taste for study from his father, Cárlos de Sigüenza, a man of superior intelligence who had in his native country been instructor to the prince Don Baltazar Cárlos. At an early age he gave indications of possessing talents of a high order, and at seventeen such was the proficiency which he had attained in literature, mathematics, physics, and astronomy, that in Mexico, a country then almost void of educational facilities, he was regarded as a prodigy. This drew upon him the attention of the Jesuits, in whose order at that time centred the learning of New Spain. Seduced by the wiles of these crafty fathers, as some authors assert, Sigüenza, after a novitiate of less than two years at the college of Tepotzotlan, took his first vows on the fifteenth of August 1662. Under the instruction of the Jesuits, which at this period produced a Clavigero and an Alegre, Sigüenza continued his studies, perfecting himself in the classics, and acquiring the superior literary judgment and taste for archæological studies which in later times added to his fame. After a few years' stay among the Jesuits, in his twentieth year he abandoned them and retired to the hospital of Amor de Dios in Mexico City, of which he had been appointed chaplain. Cavo, Tres Siglos, ii. 93, is the only author who gives any motive

statement and that of Cavo, already cited, disproving the prohibition of pulque, is only too apparent. Besides, Robles, who derived his information from the same source as the so-called Rivera, Diario, makes no allusion to this fact.

3 Hist. N. Mex. States, i. 374-5, this series.

38 Robles, Diario, ii. 193-8, 214; Ordenes de la Corona, MS., iii. GS; Rivera, Gob. Mex., i. 278.