as his successor was not appointed till 1711, it is probable that his death occurred during the preceding

year.

The next archbishop, Fray José Lanciego y Eguilaz, did not take possession until the beginning of 1713, and his consecration took place in November of the following year. He administered the affairs of the church until 1728, and was conspicuous for his piety and charity. Numerous institutions received his support, and the most remote districts of his diocese were visited. Lanciego was an especial friend of the Indians, and every month his palace was crowded with beggars to whom he distributed alms. He died on the 25th of January 1728, and was interred in the cathedral, a funeral oration being delivered by the canónigo magistral Doctor Bartolomé Felipe de Ita y Parra.26

In October 1702, the duke of Alburquerque, the newly appointed viceroy, arrived at Vera Cruz.2 A few weeks later Montañez, having first despatched his nephew, the captain of the guard, to welcome the duke, set forth in person to meet him, accompanied by a splendid cortege. Alburquerque was a man of many titles, and somewhat given to display; nevertheless his career, which lasted for more than eight years, fully justified the enthusiasm with which all classes greeted his entrance into the capital.29 He was

26 Ita y Parra, Sermon Funeral del Sr Lanciego, passim.

2 In the same month cédulas were received in which Montañez was reproved for alleged malefeasance, deprived of his office and title of viceroy, and forbidden to ride, as was his custom, in a carriage drawn by six horses. He was also censured for refusing to give precedence to the monks of the order of San Diego, and for want of respect to the vicereine. In August 1703, further cédulas arrived threatening him with the inquisition. Robles, Diario, 403-6, 463-4.

28 The titles of the new viceroy were duque de Alburquerque, marqués de Cuéllar, conde de Ledesma y Huelma, señor de las villas de Monbeltran, Codosera, Lanzaita, Mijares, Pedro Bernardo, Aldea Dávila, S. Estévan, Villarejo y Cuevas, comendador de Guadalcanal, y Bensayan of the orders of Santiago and Alcántara; chamberlain to the king, general, and viceroy of New Spain. His wife was Juana de la Cerda y Aragon, duchess of Alburquerque, etc. San Miguel (A. de), Sermon de la Samaritana, title-page, no. 10; Pep. Var., ii. His daughter, who was confirmed in 1703, received no less than fifty

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a shrewd, fair-dealing, and energetic ruler; one well fitted to be at the head of affairs during the eventful years of the war of the Spanish succession.

An incident which is related of the duke a short time after his arrival may serve to throw some light upon his character. A certain widow obtained audience of his Excellency, and produced certain documents whereby it appeared that a resident of the city was indebted to her in the sum of four thousand pesos; "but," said the applicant, "he is unwilling to pay." The viceroy examined her papers, and after asking a few questions bade her return on a day which he appointed. He then sent for the debtor, whom he received cordially, and after a pleasant chat inquired whether he were in easy circumstances. The man replied that he was in the receipt of an ample income; whereupon the duke requested that he would favor him with a loan of four thousand "Not only pesos. four thousand pesos, but my entire estate is at your Excellency's service;" exclaimed the debtor. He was requested to bring the amount on the next morning, and then took his departure. Though loath to part with his gold, he was loud in his praise of the viceToy's affability and condescension, and spared no pains to publish the interview among his comrades. On making his appearance the following day, however, he was confronted with the documents and with the

three names on the register. Domenech, Hist. du Mex., i. 284. On the 21st of October the viceregal party reached Jalapa, and on the 25th a committee from Mexico, consisting of the maestre de campo and others, went forth to welcome him. On the 15th of November it is recorded that a special miracle was wrought in Puebla for his benefit, and that both he and the vicereine carried away some divine ichor from the body of the beato Aparicio. Robles, Diario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., 408-14. On the 27th of November he took possession of the government and on the 8th of December (conception day) made his public entry into the city. He was met at the gates by the audiencia, city officials, university authorities, and the members of the different tribu nals. Behind him came the vicercine and her ladies of honor, and then followed 24 sumpter mules with silver bits and headstalls, royally caparisoned. At the cemetery he was met by the archbishop, and then proceeded to his palace. A royal salute was fired, several persons being injured through the carelessness of the gunners. Robles, Diario, 418-20. Even the tribun of the inquisition joined the procession, an honor which had never before been shown even to a viceroy. Mex., Not. Ciud. Mex., 295-7.

widow, whose claim he was compelled to satisfy, though the loss of the money was as nothing compared with the mortification which sunk deep into the soul of the crestfallen man as he slunk from the duke's presence chamber.

The dispute between the grand monarch and the emperor Leopold, which cost Europe ten years of war, and divided even the Spaniards into rival factions, concerned not the people of New Spain. The emperor's son was acknowledged by all as the rightful heir, and the brilliant campaigns .of Marlborough caused no more excitement in the Spanish provinces than the bloodless revolution which a few years before placed William III. on the throne of England aroused among the colonies of British America. The new viceroy regulated the internal affairs of his province without difficulty, and at once made preparations to repel the attacks of foreign powers, and of corsairs who still hovered on the coast. increased the navy, strengthened the fortifications, reenforced the garrisons with two thousand veteran troops from Spain, and appointed officers of known valor and ability to the command of the fortresses. If a less capable man than the duke of Alburquerque had now been at the head of affairs, it is probable that some serious disaster might have befallen the provinces, for evil tidings were constantly being received in the capital.

He

In May 1703 a despatch was forwarded to the authorities in Mexico, stating that the people of Vera Cruz were leaving that city with their effects, through dread of foreign invasion. In June of the same year the governor of Tabasco defeated the crew of a British man-of-war, many of the English being killed, and a hundred and fifty prisoners captured. In the autumn of 1704 Captain William Dampier, whose raids in Central America have already been described, ap

29 Ilist. Cent. Amer., ii. 541 et seq., this series.

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peared once more in the waters of the South Sea, in command of the ship Saint George, intent on capturing the treasure galleon from Acapulco. After taking two vessels whose cargoes were of little value he sighted the treasure ship. Hoisting the Spanish colors he sailed close up to her and opened fire. A prisoner on board the pirates' vessel counselled them to board at once, during the confusion caused by the first volley; but there was a difference of opinion among the officers, and while the matter was yet under discussion the galleon's heavy guns were brought to bear on the craft of the corsairs with such effect that they were glad to escape in their sinking vessel. During the same year one Captain Clipperton, who accompanied that famous adventurer, separated from him when off the eastern coast of Mexico, and with a vessel of ten tons, mounting only two pieces of cannon, defied the town of Realejo, and captured two Spanish ships which lay there at anchor, one of which contained treasure to the value of four thousand pesos.

Five years later certain wealthy merchants of Bristol fitted out two vessels for a "voyage of discovery and profit," the explorations to be extended to the oceans on either side of the American continent, and the profit to be derived from the pillage of Spanish settlements and Spanish treasure ships. Two vessels were chartered, the Duke and the Duchess, well armed and equipped, having on board a complement of about three hundred and thirty men, and carrying commissions from the king's consort and lord high admiral of England to attack and plunder the Spaniards and French on the coasts of Peru and Mexico. Captain Woodes Rogers was placed in command, and among other officers was William Dampier, though now in a subordinate position. It was a motley crew that sailed from Cork harbor on the 27th of August 1708 to undertake the circumnavigation of the world. There were on board tailors, pedlers, tinkers, fiddlers,

ploughmen, haymakers, laborers, and men representing nearly all the occupations by which the poor earn a livelihood, except that of seaman.

Rounding Cape Horn in safety the vessels arrived off the island of Juan Fernandez on the 1st of February 1709, and the same afternoon a pinnace was sent on shore for water. At dusk a light was observed on the island, and the commander, supposing that it was kindled by the crew of a Spanish or French manof-war, fired guns from the quarter-deck to recall the pinnace, and prepared his ships for action. No sail was in sight on the following morning, and it was concluded that the enemy had been frightened away by the sound of the firing. The cause of the strange light was soon explained, however, for the pinnace being again sent ashore returned with a man clad in goat-skins, and as wild of aspect as the animals from which he had procured his apparel. His name was Alexander Selkirk.

The expedition then sailed for Peru, and after taking a number of prizes and capturing the town of Guayaquil, for which a moderate ransom was received, proceeded to the island of Gorgona, whence some of the prisoners, being sent to Panamá for the purpose, returned with money to redeem a portion of the prize cargoes, the bargain being honorably fulfilled on both sides. Rogers soon afterward sailed for Mexico, and sighted land near the spot where Dampier was defeated by the treasure galleon. Thence a few days later he shaped his course for the coast of Lower California, made Cape San Lucas on the 1st of November, and cruising southward a few weeks later captured a large and well manned twenty-gun ship bound from Manila to Acapulco.

The prisoners gave information that a still larger vessel had left Manila in company with them, but being a better sailer had long since parted company, and was now probably lying at Acapulco. Within a few days this ship came in sight, but now the priva