RETIREMENT OF CERRALVO.

93

Lopez, who had died in 1596 at the age of fifty-four. In early years he served as page to Philip II., yet led an austere and contemplative life, and was said to be of royal blood. In 1562 he came to New Spain and retired as a hermit among the wild Indians near Atemayac, preaching, practising charity, and writing books. Several of these were printed and two attained more than one edition.45 Archbishop Serna transferred his body to the cathedral at Mexico and joined in the efforts for his enrolment among the saints. This was urged as late as 1752, but in vain.46

47

More persistent and successful were the efforts for the canonization of King Ferdinand of Spain, toward which large sums were at this time collected in New Spain. In 1629 also imposing ceremonies were held in honor of Cortés the conqueror, on the occasion of the funeral of his last male descendant. The body was then transferred from Tezcuco to the Franciscan church at Mexico, the viceroy, leading corporations, officials, and citizens joining in solemn procession.49

Cerralvo had twice asked to be relieved of office, owing to ill-health and to family affairs which demanded his presence in Spain. This was granted in 1635, with appointment to the councils of war and the Indies and a rental of 3,000 ducados for two lives.49 He certainly deserved recognition from the sovereign,

45 As Declaracion del Appocalipsi of which I have a manuscript copy; Tesoro de Medicinas, Mexico, 1673, highly spoken of by Pinelo, Epitome, ii. 869, and others, also in my possession; Oratoria Parentatis, Mex., 1666, and Collectio Opusculorum, Rome, 1752. A perpetual calendar, a universal chronology, and other pieces remain in manuscript.

16 One reason may have been the charge of heresy made against him on first arriving at Mexico, though not sustained. For details of his life, see Argaiz, Vida y Escritos... Lopez, Mad., 1678, 1-121; Losa, Vida del Siervo... Lopez, Madrid, 1727, 1-442; Somoza, Brev. Not., Puebla, 1850, 1-31, and less full accounts in Mexican histories, such as Velasco, Hist. Mil. Ren., 188-96.

47 Bishop Prado alone paid 6,000 pesos. Gonzalez Dávila, Teatro Ecles., i. 126, 131.

48 For documents on the subject see Alaman, Disert., ii. 52-4, and app. Sosa reproduces many details of the ceremonies. Episc. Mex., 68-9. Pedro Cortés died January 30, 1629, and on February 24th the funeral took place.

19 On Indians in New Spain, granted May 27, 1638. Calle, Mem. y Not., 56.

for he had proved an able and energetic ruler, dispensing justice with promptness and impartiality, fostering trade and industries, practising charity, and looking zealously to the welfare of the people. He left a power of attorney to answer at his residencia 50 and hastened away, carrying a considerable amount of treasure, it was said.

Before his departure the installation took place, on September 16th, of the sixteenth viceroy, Lope Diez de Armendariz, marqués de Cadereita, a man of long and varied experience in the royal service. In 1603 and 1608 he figured as admiral and general of fleets; in which position he showed himself quite fortunate, notably in 1625, when he caused wide-spread rejoicings by escaping with a most valuable treasure. He afterward became majordomo to the king and member of the royal council.52

53

His reception created less attention than usual on such occasions owing to the restrictions placed by the king on costly pageantry. Little of note occurred during his rule; affairs progressed to the general satisfaction. The Indians received protection, and settlements were extended northward, one in Nuevo Leon being named Cadereita in his honor. Yet his relations with the audiencia do not appear to have been quite satisfactory, and at his residencia some

50 The only notable charge was by the religious orders for his interference in their appointments and other acts tending to lower their influence with Indians and others. Although this was not sustained at the time, a revival of the residencia took place five years later, without any unfavorable results to Cerralvo, it appears. Acusacion, in Tumultos de Mex., 1-13; Cerralvo, Acusacion, in Vireyes de Mex. Iustruc., pt. 16-17; Samaniego, Rel., 98–9; Pulafox, El Ven. Señor, 3. Doctor Quiroga y Moya was the judge.

51 An annual thanksgiving was ordered held in consequence. Certain accounts place his fleet at eight galleons and that of the enemy at 109 vessels. Aguilar, Náutica Sacra, 2; Pap. Var., i. pt. i.; Papeles Franciscanos, MS.,

série i. tom. ii. 2.

52 He was accompanied by his wife, but his daughter remained in Spain. l'etancvrt, Trat. Mex., 14; Dávila, Continuacion, MS., 201; Figueroa, Vindicias, MS., 55. His appointment bore date April 19, 1635. Cedulario Nuevo, i. 344. 53 Ordenes de la Corona, MS., i. 14.

54 A cédula of 1639 reprimands the oidores for giving him bad advice. Id., ii. 189; vii. 3-7. The names of the leading officials at the time may be gath ered from Cepeda, Rel., pt. i. 2; Certif. de Mercedes, MS., 124; Granados, Tardes, 385-6.

SIXTEENTH VICEROY.

35

95

malice was exhibited, chiefly from his quarrel with the archbishop. The real nature of this trouble is not clear, though it arose from the interference of each dignitary with what the other considered his special privileges and duties.55 While the crown was not seriously alarmed, a similar quarrel in 1624 probably induced it to remove one of them.

56

The prelate, Doctor Francisco Manso y Zúñiga, had on April 12, 1628,5 been appointed to succeed the troublesome Serna. He possessed many qualifications for his office whereby he gained not only public approval but the confidence of the king. Educated at Salamanca, he took orders in 1608, became rector of Valladolid university, vicar-general of Aloa, abbot of several prominent establishments, oidor of Granada in 1612, and finally member of the India Council; so that with high learning and ecclesiastic experience he combined the training of judge and political counselor; yet we find him embroiling himself so far with the viceroy as to lead to his recall in 1635.50 Otherwise his administration proved satisfactory, and among the people his memory was revered for the kindness and charity displayed in particular during the great inundation, and in aiding religious edifices." The king indeed was not displeased, for he presented him to the see of Cartagena and afterward to the archdiocese of Búrgos. In 1650 Zúñiga entered the Indian Council with the title of conde de Ervias.61

58

55 Gonzalez Dávila, who wrote about this time, merely says, 'Tvvo encuentros con el Virrey en defensa de la inmunidad de la Iglesia.' Teatro Ecles., i. 61. The marchioness was actually to be prevented from visiting nunneries. 56 Panes adds Mendoza. Virreyes, MS., 96.

57 Gonzalez Dávila writes 1629; but Zúñiga was at Mexico already in February of this year, and arrived probably at the close of 1628.

58 He was born at Cañas about 1582, and studied also at Valladolid.

59 Cavo erroneously writes 1639. Tres Siglos, ii. 11.

60 Gonzalez Dávila speaks also of his liberal expenditures at the funeral of the infante archbishop of Toledo, Teatro, 61, yet this act savors rather of obsequious calculation.

61 And visconde de Negueruela. Sosa, Episc. Mex., 72. At his death, six years later, he left treasures to the value of 800,000 pesos, which were placed under embargo. Guijo, Diario, in Doc. Hist. Mex., série ii. tom. i. 359. Yet the greater part no doubt reached his heirs.

Francisco Verdugo, long connected with the inquisition, and since 1623 bishop of Guamanga in Peru, was appointed his successor at Mexico, but died in August 1636, before the bulls reached him.62 Meanwhile the archdiocese was administered by Doctor Fernandez de Ipenza, an intimate of Zúñiga, who probably assisted in procuring for him the bishopric of Yucatan; but death overtook Ipenza before consecration.6 63 The next appointee to the prelacy of Mexico was a creole, Feliciano de la Vega, born at Lima and there educated. His great learning and brilliant talents procured prompt recognition, and he became successively governor of the Lima archdiocese and bishop of Popayan and of La Paz. The latter appointment was conferred in 1639 and in the same year came his promotion to Mexico. On arriving at Acapulco early in December 1640 he was seized with fever from which he died within a few days, to the regret of the creole population at least, who were naturally eager to see installed as leading prelate one of their own class, though born in a distant land.

64

62 At the age of 75, it seems, though Gonzalez Dávila says 80. He had been professor at Seville, inquisidor at Lima from 1601-23, and had repeatedly declined promotion to Spanish sees. He dispensed all his income in alms and died deeply regretted. Teatro Ecles., i. 62.

63 The appointment was dated October 6, 1643.

64 The body was afterward removed from Mazatlan to Mexico cathedral. He left a fortune of 800,000 pesos, but no will whereby to embalm his memory in charities, observes Gonzalez Dávila, yet he adds: Fue vno de los mas felizes ingenios que tuuo el Reyno de Pirú.' Teatro, i. 63-5. Of 4,000 decisions made by him as ruler of the Lima see none was revoked. The fortune above referred to gave rise to strange complications as will be seen.

Herewith I give broader references to some authorities consulted for the preceding chapters: Torquemada, i. 306–11, 572, 618–19, 671, 690–3, 726–68; iii. 269-77, 380-1; Calle, Mem. y Not., 43 et seq.; Dávila, Continuacion, MS., 120, passim; Alegre, Hist. Comp. Jesus, i. 36, 393–442; ii. 10–42, 115, 136, 178-9; Cepeda, Relacion, i. 4, passim; Gonzalez Dávila, Teatro Ecles., i. 2, 18, 42-61, 92-6, 122-31, 182–97, 206-39; Medina, Chrón. S. Diego, 11, 33-4, 44-9, 113-53, 234, 240; Cogollvdo, Hist. Yucathan, 232-9, 409, passim; Herrera, dec. i. lib. ix. cap. viii.; Tumultos de Mex., MS., 15 et seq.; Vetancvrt, Chron. San Evang., 13-23, 120-7; Id., Trat. Mex., 11-14, 30-9; Grambila, Tumultos, MS., 1-19; Burgoa, Geog. Descrip. Oajaca, ii. 305–6, 340-2; Id., Palestra Hist., 139-48, 193-200; Fernandez, Hist. Ecles., 35-6, 56, 116; Carriedo, Estudios Hist., 114; Vazquez, Chron. de Grat., 255; Certificacion de las Mercedes, MS., 124; Col. Doc. Inéd., xxi. 447-60; Concilios Prov., MS., 1555 y 65, 216–17; Órdenes, de la Corona, MS., ii. 145-89; vii. 1–7; Remesal,

FURTHER AUTHORITIES.

97

Hist. Chyapa, 718; Papeles Franciscanos, MS., 2-5; Doc. Hist. Mex., série ii. tom. ii., passim; Id., série ii. tom. iii., passim; Mexico, Rel. Sem. de Tumultos, 1 et seq.; Sigüenza y Góngora, Carta, MS., 15; Id., Parayso Occid., 24-6; Mexico y sus Disturbios, MS., i. 16-54, 289-91, 361-451; ii. 1-676; Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doc., vi. 380; Maltratamiento de Indios, MS., 1-8; Cortés, Hist. N. Esp., 18-22; Instruc. Vireyes, 263; Recop. de Ind., i. 21, passim; ii. 27, passim; Montemayor, Svmarios, 56-9, 181, 216–17; Figueroa, Vindicias, MS., 55-73; Morelli, Fasti Novi Órbis, 343, 355; Durango, Doc. Hist., MS., 140-5; Mexico, Rel. del Estado, passim; Cavo, Tres Siglos, i. passim; Beaumont, Crón. Mich., MS., 265; Purchas, His Pilgrimes, i. 84; ii. 791; Laet, Am. Descrip., 233-9, 251-316; Humboldt, Essai Pol., i. 204–35, 674; ii. 817; Id., New Spain, 90-2, 100-5; Id., Versuch, ii. 87-128; Santos, Chron. Hosp., ii. 433-45, 458-61; 464-73, 589-90; Arlegui, Prov. de Zac., 81-3, 138-44, 243-4, 346; Mayer, Mex. Aztec, i. 149, 163, 176-98; Abispa de Chalpancingo, Escritos, 365; Dicc. Univ., i. 139, 328, 342; ii. 212–19, 260, 304-5, 378-9, 547-9; iii. 396; iv. 489-93; v. 250-1; vi. 761-2; vii. 485-6; viii. 577; ix. 216-17, 260-1, 333-4, 504, 587-8, 805, 930; x. 369–70, 539-43, 653-63, 761, 822, 928-9; Aguilar, Nautica, 2-12; San Sanson, L'Amer., 18; Zevallos, Hist. Mund., 135; Gonzales, Col. N. Leon, 3-16; Alvares, Estudios, iii. 179-221, 461-505; Touron, Hist. Gen., vii. 278-92, 303-5; Arevalo, Compend., 171-2; Mora, Rev. Mex., iii. 237-56; iv. 2-43; Album, Mex., i. 351-3; Gottfriedt, Newe Welt, 472-5, 596-8; Poussin's Question, 27-8; Arrillaga, Recop., 1835, 5-6; Muhlenpford, Versuch, ii. 254-63; Frost's Hist. Mex., 138-40; Kerr's Col. Voy., x. 157-8; Correal, Voy. (Paris ed.), i. 1; Beltrami, Mer., ii. 62-78; Samaniego, Rel., 98-9; Prescott's Mex., ii. 105-7; Gage, Voy. (Amsterdam ed. 1720), i. 68-116, 203-22; Id. (Paris ed. 1696), i. 225-45; Muller, Reisen en Mex., ii. 52-67; iii. 185-90; Arroniz, Biog. Mex., 159-62, 250-2; Id., Hist. y Cron., 105–7; Nicolai, Newe und Warhaffte, 305; Greenhow's Or. and Cal., 89-91; Ogilby's Am., 245; Ribera, Gob. Mex., 77, passim; Fancourt's Hist. Yuc., 176, 223; Castillo, Dic. Hist., 60, 269-72; Bustamante, Voz de la Patria, i. 10-12; Alzate, Gacetas, ii. 124-5; Granadas, Tardes Am., 340-1, 385-6; Larenaudière, Mex. et Guat. (Paris ed. 1843), 150; Shepard's Land of the Aztec, 37-9; Varios Impresos, nos. iii. vi.-vii.; Fonseca y Urrutia, Real Hacienda, ii. 12-22, 263-337; iv. 429-50; v. 352-61; Churchill's Col. Voy., viii. 767-70; Russell's Hist. Am., ii. 106; Sosa, Episcop. Mex., 51–71; Ward's Hist. Mex., ii. 282; Ternaux-Compans, Col. Voy., série ii. tom. v. 322; Zamacois, Hist. Méj., iv. 41, 169; v. 246, passim; Balbuena, Grandeza Meg., 1-140; Liceo Mex., ii. 5–6, 40-2, 52, 80-3, 119–33, 144–7, 164–5; Burney's Discov. South Seas, ii. 273 et seq.; Mexico, Rel. de Gelves, passim; Berenger, Col. Voy., i. 262, 288-93; Compañia de Jesus, Defensa, passim; Fisher's National Mag., i. 249-54; Mosaico Mex., ii. 269; Mota-Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 271; Registro Yucateco, i. 194-8; Velasco, Exalt. Divin. Miser., 39-49; Terranova y Monteleone, Esposicion, 21-63; Somoza, Breve Not., 2-31; Rodriguez, Carta Hist., 2-6, 35-50; Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, ii. 7-8; iv. 19, 73; v. 349-52; viii. 165; Palafox y Mendoza, Venerable Señor, 5–7; Rivera, list. Jalapa, i. 77-91; Hernandez, Estad. Mej., 28-9; Lacunza, Discursos Hist., no. xxxiv. 486-512; Alaman, Disert., ii. 50-77, 236-9; iii. 19-28, 173, 389; Monumentos Domin. Esp., MS., 13, passim.

HIST. MEX., VOL. III. 7