him that if he did not speedily destroy that place so venerable in the sight of the Christians, they would come and take away his dominions. The prince took the alarm, and sent men to Jerusalem, who totally demolished the church, and endeavoured with iron bars to break the grotto of the sepulchre, but could not. This was the second time that the church was destroyed: it had been burnt by the Persians in the year 613.

It was soon generally known that this disaster was owing to the malice of the Jews: and the Christians with one consent resolved to expell them. They became objects of public hatred, they were driven out of the cities, many were drowned, and put to death various ways, and some killed themselves; so that few of them appeared in Christendom. The bishops forbad all Christians to hold any communication with them, except they were converted. Many therefore of the Jews received baptism, through fear of death, and afterwards relapsed to their old customs.

The false pilgrim returning to Orleans was discovered by another pilgrim, and being seized and tortured, confessed his crime, and was burnt.-Not long after this, king Henry drove the Jews from Mentz. The Greeks relate the thing in a different manner, &c.f

One head of John the Baptist (for there are many, and John was at last ἑκατοντακεράλας) was found at the monastery of St. John of Angeli in Saintonges.

A. 1022. Bouchard, bishop of Worms, was accounted one of the most learned prelates in his time, and of a sober and exemplary life and conversation. When he died, the inventory of his worldly goods and chattels consisted of an hair-shirt, an iron chain which served him for a belt, and in money three deniers. Times are altered, and with them the inventories of bishops.

Some, both ecclesiastics and laymen, being discovered to be Manichæans, were burnt at Orleans, and others at Toulouseh.

A. 1024. John XIX. a layman, was made pope by dint of money.

A. 1025. Some monks had pleaded an exemption from

! Fleury, xii. 386.

Ibid. 441.

Ibid. 426. 433.

episcopal jurisdiction, by virtue of a privilege granted by the pope. But the council of Anse rejected their plea; which shows that the prelates of those days did not think popes to be above the antient canons and constitutions of the churchi.

Simony at this time was universally practised, particularly in Italy. St. Romualdus exerted himself, and preached against it with vehemence. But,' says Damianus, the writer of his Life, (who was a bishop) 'I much question whether he ever reformed one man: for this poisonous heresy is the most stubborn and difficult of all to be cured, especially amongst the clergy of higher rank. They promise amendment, and they defer it from day to day; so that it is easier even to convert a Jew than a bishop.'

A. 1027. The famous musician Guido of Arezzo, a monk, invented the gamut, and the six notes, UT, RE, MI, FA, SOL, LA, by the help of which a young person could learn to chant in a few months, better than many men had been able to do in as many years. These syllables he took from the three first lines of the hymn to St. John,

'UT queant laxis, &c."

A. 1030. It was now a custom to baptize church-bells, and also to add oil and chrism.

They were well meaning and honest, but ignorant and illiterate men, whom Gerhard, bishop of Cambray and Arras, converted and brought over to the church, at a synod held in the year 1030. They had received their tenets from some Italians; and believed, as they themselves acknow. ledged, that the whole of religion consisted in a pious disposition, and a behaviour suitable to the divine precepts, and that all external worship was to be slighted. In particular; 1. They rejected baptism, especially of infants, as a rite of no utility towards salvation.

per.

2. For the same reason, they rejected the Lord's sup

3. They held that temples were not more sacred than private houses.

4. They said that altars were only a heap of stones, and worthy of no honour.

5. They condemned the use of incense, and of conse, crated oil, in religious rites.

6. They also rejected the use of bells.

7. They denied the divine institution of bishops, presbyters, and deacons, as ministers of the church; and said that the order of doctors was unnecessary in a Christian congregation.

8. They said that funeral rites were invented to gratify the avarice of the priests; and that it mattered not whether a man were buried in holy ground, or any where else.

9. They affirmed that penitence, as it was then understood, namely, voluntary sufferings undergone to expiate past offences, was of no utility.

10. They denied that the sins of those who suffered in purgatory might be remitted by means of masses, alms, and vicarious penances; and doubtless they rejected also the doctrine of a purgatory.

11. They condemned marriage, as pernicious and unlawful".

12. They allowed some worship or honour to be paid to the apostles and martyrs, but would not grant the same to confessors; meaning thereby all those who were called saints, but had not suffered death for the sake of Christ. They said that their bones were not more sacred than those of other people.

13. They held that chanting of psalms or hymns in churches and religious assemblies was superstitious and unlawful.

14. They said that the cross was not more holy than another piece of wood, and that no reverence was to be paid to it.

15. They affirmed that the images of Christ and of the saints ought to be removed out of the churches, and by no means to be adored.

16. Lastly, They condemned a diversity of degrees and of authority amongst the ministers of the Gospel.

I think it very improbable that this should have been one of their doctrines.

"Whosoever considers the corrupted condition of religion in these times, will not think it strange that multitudes of persons all over Europe, who had a sense of piety and morality, should have gone into these and into such like opinions.'

But rather for want of knowledge than of honesty, whilst they rejected many abominable corruptions, they also ran into some opposite extremes.

Dum vitant vitia, in contraria currunt.'

Robert, king of France, informed Gualin, archbishop of Bourges, that in some parts of his kingdom it had rained blood, which was of such a nature, that if it fell upon flesh, clothes, or stones, it could not be washed off; but if it fell upon wood, the stain was easily got out. He asks him if there were any instance to be found of such a rain. The prelate answered him that this prodigy portended a civil war, and he relates divers examples of the same kind taken from history; to which he adds some mystical reasons".

A. 1033. To John XIX. succeeded Theophylact his nephew, aged only twelve years, and chosen by bribery. He was called Benedict IX. and occupied the see eleven years and some months, dishonouring his station by his most infamous life. Thus simony reigned triumphant at Rome for the space of twenty-five years,

He made himself daily more and more odious by his wicked behaviour, and by the rapines and murders which he committed. The Romans, no longer able to suffer them, expelled him from Rome, and from the pontificate, and chose Silvester III. in his room. But neither did Silvester acquire the popedom gratis, nor did he hold it more than three months; for Benedict, who was of the family of the counts of Tusculum, by the assistance of his relations so harassed Rome, that he recovered his station. But as he continued his scandalous course of life, and found himself despised and detested both by clergy and laity, he agreed to retire, to abandon himself more freely to his pleasures. Stipulating therefore to receive a sum of money, he resigned his

place to Gratianus, called Gregory VI. and went to live in his own territories":

The holy abbot Poppo waited upon the emperor Saint Henry, to procure some favours for his monastery. He gained the good graces of this prince: he also persuaded him to renounce a diversion in which he used to take pleasure. It was to expose to the bears a naked man smeared all over with honey. He so effectually convinced the emperor and his nobles of the barbarity of this show, that he caused it to be abolisheds.

A. 1059. Casimire, son of a king of Poland, being a monk, who had made his vows, and was in deacon's orders, obtained from the pope a dispensation to accept the crown of Poland, and to take a wife. But the pontiff wisely stipu lated a certain annual rent to be paid to his holiness.

- Rem facias; rem

Si possis, recte; si non, quocumque modo rem.'

A. 1041. The abbot Richard went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and being there on Saturday, in the holy week, he assisted at the ceremony of the new fire, which in those days was thought to descend miraculously into the holy sepulchre".

Maundrel, if I remember right, and other modern travellers have described this ridiculous ceremony.

A. 1044. Gregory VI. carried his martial rage so far, under pretence of defending the church, that he acquired the name of the Bloody; and even his cardinals admonished him, when he was dying, not to cause himself to be buried in St. Peter's church with his predecessors*.

About this time was instituted the festival of All Souls, or prayers and commemorations for the benefit of the dead". A. 1051. Some Manichæans were discovered, and put to deathz.

A. 1053. Leo IX. disputing in a letter with the patriarch of Constantinople, says;

Fleury, xii. 515, &c.

Ibid. 517.

t Ibid. 519.

Ibid. 533.

* L'Enfant, Conc. de P. ii. 50.

y Fleury, xii. 561. See above, p. 225. A. 99s. * Ibid. 600.