ELEUSIS.

THIS was a town of Attica, equally distant from Megara and the Piræus, greatly celebrated for the observance, every fifth year, of the most renowned festival in Greece, called the Eleusinian-a festival sacred to Ceres and Proserpine; everything pertaining to which was a secret or mystery, which could not be divulged without calling down immediate punishment from Heaven.

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Ceres," says an Athenian orator, "wandering in quest of her daughter Proserpine, came into Attica, where some good offices were done her, which it is unlawful for those who are not initiated to hear. In return, she conferred two unparalleled benefits: the knowledge of agriculture, by which the human race is raised above the brute creation; and the mysteries, from which the partakers derive sweeter hopes than other men enjoy, both in the present life and to eternity."

There is nothing in all pagan antiquity, says Rollin, more celebrated than the mysteries and feasts of Ceres Eleusina. Their origin and institution are attributed to Ceres herself, who, in the reign of Erechtheus, coming to Eleusis, a small town of Attica, in search of her daughter Proserpine, whom Pluto had carried away, and finding the country afflicted with famine, not only taught the inhabitants the use of corn, but instructed them in the principles of probity, charity, civility, and humanity. These mysteries were divided into the less and the greater, of which the former served as a preparation for the latter. Only Athenianns were admitted to them; but of them each sex, age, and condition had a right to be received. All strangers were absolutely excluded. We shall consider prin

cipally the greater mysteries, which were celebrated at Eleusis.

Those who demanded to be initiated into them were obliged, before their reception, to purify themselves in the lesser mysteries, by bathing in the river Ilissus, by saying certain prayers, offering sacrifices, and, above all, by living in strict continence during an interval of time prescribed them. That time was employed in instructing them in the principles and elements of the sacred doctrine of the great mysteries.

When the time for their initiation arrived, they were brought into the temple; and, to inspire the greater reverence and terror, the ceremony was performed in the night. Wonderful things passed upon this occasion. Visions were seen, and voices heard, of an extraordinary kind. A sudden splendour dispelled the darkness of the place, and, disappearing immediately, added new horrors to the gloom. Apparitions, claps of thunder, and earthquakes increased the terror and amazement; while the person admitted, stupified, sweating through fear, heard, trembling, the mysterious volumes read to him. These nocturnal rites were attended with many disorders, which the severe law of silence imposed on the persons initiated prevented from coming to light. The president in this ceremony was called the Hierophant. He wore a peculiar habit, and was not permitted to marry. He had three colleagues: one who carried a torch, another a herald, whose office was to pronounce certain mysterious words, and a third to attend at the altar.

Besides these officers, one of the principal magistrates of the city was appointed to take care that all the ceremonies of this feast were exactly observed. He was called the king, and was one of the nine archons. His business was to offer prayers and sacrifices. The people gave him four assistants. He had, besides, ten other ministers to assist him in the

discharge of his duty, and particularly in offering sacrifices.

The Athenians initiated their children of both sexes very early into these mysteries, and would have thought it criminal to have let them die without such an advantage.

It was regularly celebrated every fifth year; and history records that it was never interrupted, except upon the taking of Thebes by Alexander the Great. It was continued down to the time of the Christian emperors. Valentinian would have abolished it, if Prætextatus, the proconsul of Greece, had not represented, in the most lively and affecting terms, the universal sorrow which the abrogation of that feast would occasion among the people; upon which it was suffered to subsist. It is supposed to have been finally suppressed by Theodosius the Great.

At this place there were several sacred monuments, such as chapels and altars; and many rich citizens of Athens had pleasant and beautiful villas there. The great temple at Eleusis was plundered by the Spartan king Cleomenes, and was burned by the Persians in their flight after the battle of Platea. It was afterward rebuilt by Iktinos, but nearly entirely destroyed by Alaric. After this, Eleusis became an inconsiderable village. It is now inhabited by a few poor Albanian Christians. The temple of Ceres and Proserpine was built under the administration of Pericles; was of Pentelican marble, and equally vast and magnificent. Its length, from north to south, was about 386 feet, and its breadth about 327; and the most celebrated artists were employed in its construction and decoration.

"In the most flourishing times of Athens," says Wheler, "Eleusis was one of their principal towns; but is now crushed down under their hard fortune, having been so ill treated by the Christian pirates, more inhuman than the very Turks, that all its inhabitants have left it; there being now nothing reVOL. I.-X

maining but ruins. The place is situated upon a long hill, stretched out near to the sea, northeast and northwest, not far distant from the mountain Gerata. The whole hill seems to have been built upon, but chiefly towards the sea, where the first thing we came to was the stately temple of Ceres, now prostrate upon the ground: I cannot say, 'not having one stone upon another,' for it lieth all in a confused heap together, the beautiful pillars buried in the rubbish of its dejected roof and walls, and its goodly carved and polished cornices used with no more respect than the worst stone of the pavement. It lies in such a rude and disorderly manner, that it is not possible to judge of its ancient form; only it appeared to have been built of most beautiful white marble, and no less admirable stone."

There are also remains of several old sepulchres; and among these was lately found an inscription relating to something dedicated to Ceres and her daughter, by Fabius the Dadouchos.

The temple of Neptune is supposed to have been near the sea, where traces now remain, composed of dark Eleusinian marble. The foundations of the ancient tombs are still visible; but there are no remains of the city walls, though a long wall, which united it with the port, may be still traced with little interruption.

The temple of Venus, which was of the Doric order, is now a mass of rubbish, among which have been found several marble doves of the natural size.

Many fragments, says Mr. Dodwell, have probably been removed, owing to its propinquity to the sea, and the consequent facility of exportation. The church of St. Zacharias is almost entirely composed of ancient fragments. This is probably the site of the temple of Diana; and a large ancient well he supposes to be that mentioned by Pausanias, round which the women of Eleusis danced in honour of the goddess.

There were also temples dedicated to Triptolemus and Neptune, the father; but of these not a fragment remains.

EPHESUS.

THIS city was once reputed the metropolis of Asia, and was thence styled Epiphanestata, signifying "Monstrous." It was situated in Ionia, about fifty miles south of Smyrna, near the mouth of the river Cayster. Pliny tells us that, before his age, it had been known by various names. In the time of the Trojan war it was called Alopes; soon after, Ortygia and Morges; then Smyrna; and, lastly, Samornium and Ptelea.

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Pliny and several ancient writers assert that this city was founded by the Amazons; but others, with greater probability, ascribe that honour to a party emigrating from Athens. This was called the Ionic emigration; and was led by two young men named Neleus and Androcles, the younger sons of Codrus the king. Multitudes followed them, especially certain Ionian and Messenian families, who had taken refuge in Athens after the Dorian conquest. landing, they seized upon a large tract of Asia Minor, together with the islands of Samos and Chios; and, having driven out the Carians and Segetes, founded twelve cities. Of these Ephesus was one. Neleus settled at Miletus; but Androcles, the elder brother, at Ephesus. Strabo relates that the authority of Androcles was at first acknowledged over all the cities; but that a republican government was soon after established, and the municipality of each city claimed sovereign power; the whole being,

*The others were Miletus, Myus, Lebedos, Colophon, Priene, Teos, Erythræ, Phocæa, Clazomenæ, Chios, and Samos.