except the church and the law, is in the most deplorable condition."*

HELIOPOLIS.

THIS city was situated in that part of Egypt which is called the Delta. It was named Heliopolis, city of the sun, from the circumstance of there being a temple dedicated to the sun there; and here, according to historians, originated the story of the phoenix.

At this place, Cambyses, king of Persia, committed a very great extravagance; for he burned its temple, demolished all the palaces, and destroyed most of the monuments of antiquity that were then in it. Some obelisks, however, escaped his fury, which are still to be seen; others were transported to Rome.

Here Sesostris erected two obelisks of extremely hard stone, brought from the quarries of Syene, at the extremity of Egypt. They were each 120 cubits high; that is, 30 fathoms, or 180 feet. The Emperor Augustus, having made Egypt a province of the Roman empire, caused these two obelisks to be transplanted to Rome, one of which was afterward broken to pieces. He durst not venture upon a third, which was of monstrous size. It was formed in the reign of Rameses; and it is said that 20,000 men were employed in the cutting of it. Constantius, more daring than Augustus, ordered it to be removed to Rome. Two of these obelisks are still to be seen, as well as another of 100 cubits or 150 feet high, and 8 cubits or 12 feet in diameter. Caius Cæsar had it taken from Egypt in a ship of so odd a

*For farther particulars in relation to the former splendour of Granada, see Florian's History of the Moors of Spain, p. 137, et seq., Harpers' edition.-Am. Ed.

form, that, according to Pliny, the like had never been seen.

At Heliopolis there remains only a solitary sphinx and an obelisk to mark the site of the city of the sun, where Moses, Herodotus, and Plato are said to have been instructed in the learning of the Egyptians; whose philosophy and arts brought even Greece for a pupil, and whose empire, says Bossuet, had a character distinct from any other.

"This kingdom," says Rollin, "bestowed its noblest labours and finest arts on the improving of mankind; and Greece was so sensible of this, that its most illustrious men-as Homer, Pythagoras, Plato, and even its great legislators, Lycurgus and Solon, with many more-travelled into Egypt to complete their studies, and draw from that fountain whatever was most rare and valuable in every kind of learning. God himself has given this kingdom a glorious testimony, when, praising Moses, he says of him that he was learned in all the wisdom of the Egyptians.' Such was the desire for encouraging the growth of scientific pursuits, that the discoverers of any useful invention received rewards suitable to their skill and labour. They studied natural history, geometry, and astronomy, and, what is worthy of remark, they were so far masters of the latter science as to be aware of the period required for the earth's annual revolutions, and fixed the year at 365 days 6 hours: a period which remained unaltered till the very recent change of the style. They likewise studied and improved the science of physic, in which they attained a certain proficiency. The persevering ingenuity and industry of the Egyptians are attested by the remains of their great works of art, which could not well be surpassed in modern times; and although, by their working classes being doomed to engage in the occupations of their fathers, and no others, as is still the custom in India, society might be hampered, still VOL. I.-Z

the practice of handicrafts would be certainly im proved. The Egyptians were also the first people who were acquainted with the process of communicating information by means of writing, or engraving on stone and metal; and were, consequently, the first who formed books and collected libraries. These repositories of learning they guarded with scrupulous care, and the titles they bore naturally inspired a desire to enter them. They were called the Office for the Diseases of the Soul,' and that very justly; because the soul was there cured of ignorance, which, it will be allowed, is the source of many of the maladies of our mental faculties."

HERCULANEUM.

"IT is characteristic of the noblest natures and the finest imaginations," says an elegant writer,* "to love to explore the vestiges of antiquity, and to dwell in times that are no more. The first is the domain of the imaginative affections alone; we can carry none of our baser passions with us thither. The antiquary is often spoken of as being of a peculiar construction of intellect, which makes him think and feel differently from other people. But, in truth, the spirit of antiquarianism is one of the most universal of human tendencies. There is, perhaps, scarcely any person, for example, not utterly stupid or sophisticated, who would not feel a strange thrill come over him in the wonderful scenes these volumes describe. Looking round upon the longruined city, who would not, for the moment, utterly forget the seventeen centuries that had revolved since Herculaneum and Pompeii were part and parcel of the world, when moving to and fro along its streets! It would not be deemed a mere fever of * Eustace.

curiosity that would occupy the mind-an impatience to pry into every hole and corner of a scene at once so old and so new. Besides all that, there would be a sense of the actual presence of those past times, almost like the illusion of a dream. There is, in fact, perhaps no spot of interest on the globe, which would be found to strike so deep an impression into so many minds."

Herculaneum is an ancient city of Italy, situated on the shore of the Bay of Naples, and supposed to have been founded by Hercules, or in honour of him, 1250 years before the Christian era.* "This city," says Strabo, "and its next neighbour, Pompeii, on the river Sarnus, were originally held by the Osci, then by the Tyrrhenians and Pelasgians, then by the Samnites, who, in their turn, took possession of it and retained it ever after."

The adjacent country had been distinguished in all ages for its romantic loveliness and beauty. The whole coast, as far as Naples, was studded with villas; and Vesuvius itself, whose fires had been long quiescent, was covered with them. Villages were also scattered along the shores, and the scene presented the appearance of one vast city, cut into a number of sections by the luxuriant vegetation of the paradise in which it was imbosomed.

The following epigram of Martial presents an animated view of the scene previous to the dreadful catastrophe which blasted this fair page of Nature's book:

Here verdant vines o'erspread Vesuvius' sides;
The generous grape here pour'd her purple tides.
This Bacchus loved beyond his native scene;
Here dancing satyrs joy'd to trip the green.
Far more than Sparta this in Venus' grace;
And great Alcides once renown'd the place;

Now flaming embers spread dire waste around,
And gods regret that gods can so confound.

* Dionysius of Halicarnassus makes it sixty years before the fall of Troy, or 1342 B.C.

1

The scene of luxurious beauty and tranquillity above described was doomed to cease, and the subterranean fire, which had been from time immemorial extinct in this quarter, again resumed its former channel of escape. The long period of rest which had preceded this event seems to have augmented the energies of the volcano, and prepared it for the terrible explosion. The first intimation of this was the occurrence of an earthquake in the year 63 after Crist, which threw down a considerable portion of Pompeii, and also did great damage to Herculaneum. In the year following another severe shock was felt, which extended to Naples, where the Roman emperor Nero was at the time exhibiting as a vocalist. The building in which he performed was destroyed, but, unfortunately, the musician had left it. These presages of the approaching catastrophe were frequently repeated, until, on the 24th of August, A.D. 79, they ended in the great eruption. Fortunately, we are in possession of a narrative of the awful scene, by an eyewitness-Pliny the younger, who was at the time at Misenum with the Roman fleet, commanded by his uncle, Pliny the elder. The lat ter, in order to obtain a nearer view of the phenomenon, ventured too far, and was suffocated by the vapours. His nephew remained at Misenum, and describes the appalling spectacle in a very lively

manner.

"You ask me the particulars of my uncle's death," says he, in a letter to Tacitus, "in order to transmit it, you say, with all its circumstances, to posterity. I thank you for your intention. Undoubtedly the eternal remembrance of a calamity by which my uncle perished with nations, promised immortality to his name; undoubtedly his works also flattered him with the same. But a line of Tacitus ensures it. Happy the man to whom the gods have granted to perform things worthy of being written, or to write what is worthy of being read. Happier still