Its divifrons.

that this tract was called Phrygia from a Greek verb, fig. nifying to burn or dry, which, according to him, is a tranflation of its Hebrew name, derived from a verb of the fame fignification (H).

No lefs various are the opinions of authors, as to the exact boundaries of this country; which gave rife to the proverb related by Strabo %, viz. that the Phrygians and Myfians had diftinct boundaries, but that it was scarce poffible to ascertain them. The fame writer adds, that h STRAL

Phaleg. 1. iii. c. 8. STRAB. 1. xii. p. 388. ubi fup.

(H) The Greek word gu-
yia feems to be derived from
the verb opuyer, to burn or
parch; and hence that place
on mount Oeta, where Hercu-
les was burnt, took the name
of Φρυγία, από το ἐκεῖ πε-
φρύχθαι τὸν Ἡρακλέα. Now
as that part of Phrygia, which
was washed by the rivers Cay-
fter and Maander, was diftin-
guifhed by the epithet of Kala-
nenavμévn, as Strabo and Diodo-
rus witness (24); it is not im-
probable but that the name of
Phrygia, which was at firft pe-
culiar to one part, might in
length of time become common
to the whole country. How
this part came to be called Ka-
Janexavμerr,burnt, is varioufly
reported. Diodorus (25) fpeaks
of a firy monster called agis,
which, appearing there, con-
fumed all that tract; but was
afterwards killed by Pallas.
Others recur to the fable of
Typhon (26), who, fay they,
was in that place thunderftruck
by Jupiter. But, without hav-
ing recourfe to fables, it will be

(24) Strab. 1. xiii. p.
ii. p. 142.
Tefych, l. xii.

no hard matter to account for
this denomination, if we b
confider, that this part of Phy
gia we are speaking of, is &
fcribed both by Diodorus and
Strabo (27) as a dry foil in
pregnated with fulphur, bite
men, and other combuftibl
fubftances, which in all likeli
hood gave rife to this appella
tion. We are not ignorant,
that the tract we are speaking
of is by fome of the antient
reckoned a province of Myfia;
by others, of Maonia; but
Hepchius (28), Diodorus (29)
and moft of the other hiftorian
and geographers, place it i
Phrygia. Bochart is of op
nion (30), that by Gomer i
Scripture is meant Phrygi
and that the Greek word Phry
gia is a translation of the H
brewgomer, which h
derives from the verb
mar, importing, among
other
fignifications, to burn or con
fume, in which fignification he
fhews it to have been frequent
ly used both by the Chaldæans
and Syrians.

431. & Diod. Sicul. l. iii. (26) Strab. 1. xiii. p. 431. (29) Diod. ubi fup.

ga

(25) Diod. Sicul

(27) Ubi fupra. (30) Phaleg. 1. iii

the

ans.

the Trojans, Myfians, and Lydians, are, by the poets, all
blended under the common name of Phrygians, which
Claudian extends to the Pifidians, Bithynians, and Ioni-
k
Again, Pliny places Afcania in Phrygia, which,
together with Dardania, is reckoned by Strabo among
the provinces of Myfia. Phrygia Proper, according to
Ptolemy, whom we choose to follow, was bounded on the
north by Pontus and Bithynia; on the weft by Myfia,
Troas, the Egæan fea, Lydia, Mæonia, and Caria; on
the fouth by Lycia; on the eaft by Pamphylia and Ga-
latia. It lies between the 37th and 41ft degree of north-
latitude, extending in longitude from 56 to 62 degrees.
The inhabitants of this country, mentioned by Ptolemy,
are the Lycaones, and Anthemifenii towards Lycia, and
Moccadelis or Moccadine, the Cyddefes or Cydiffes towards
Bithynia, and between thefe the Peltini or Speltini, the
Moxiani, Phylacenfes, and Hierapolita. To these we
may add the Berecyntes mentioned by Strabo m.

PHRYGIA is commonly divided into the Greater and
Leffer Phrygia, called alfo Troas. But this divifion did
not take place till Troas was fubdued by the Phrygians ;
and hence it is more confidered by fome Roman writers
as a part of Phrygia, than Bithynia, Cappadocia, or any
other of the adjacent provinces. In after-ages, that is,
in the reign of Conftantine the Great, the Greater Phrygia
was divided into two diftricts or governments, the one
called Phrygia Pacatiana, from Pacatianus, who, under
Conftantine, bore the great office of the præfectus præ-
torio of the Eaft; the other Phrygia Salutaris, from fome
miraculous cures fuppofed to have been performed there
by the archangel Michael.

THIS Country, and indeed all Afia Minor, as lying in Its foil and the fifth and fixth northern climates, was in antient times climate. greatly celebrated for its fertility. It abounded in all forts of grain, being, for the most part, a plain country covered with a deep rich foil, and plentifully watered by fmall rivers. It was in fome parts productive of bitumen, and other combuftible fubftances. It was well stocked with cattle, having large plains and pafture-grounds. The air was antiently deemed moft pure and wholfome, tho' it is now in fome parts thought extremely grofs, great part of the country lying uncultivated, a thing too common in fuch regions as groan under the Mohammedan yoke. K PLIN. 1.v. 1 STRAB, Ibid. 1. xii. fub fin.

iCLAUD. l.ii. in Eutrop. ubi fupra.

In fhort, whatever delirable things nature has frugally bestowed here and there on other countries, were found in ths, while well manured, as in their original feminary.

THE Cities of note in Phrygia Major were, 1. Apc. mea or Apamia, a famous mart, and the metropolis of all Phrygia, till the above-mentioned divifion of Conftantin took place. It was feated at the confluence of the Marfas and Maander. Pliny places it at the foot of the h Signia, furrounded by the rivers Marfyas, Obrima, ar Orga, which empty themselves into the Maander; where in he seems to confound the fituation of the antient Ce lena with that of the new city called Apamea. Celans indeed flood at the foot of the hill, on which the Marj has its fpring; but Antiochus Soter, fon to Antiochus Séle cus, who built Apamea of Syria, carried the inhabitans from thence to the new city, which he built about to miles from thence, where the Marfyas and Meander be gin to flow in one chanel; this city he named Apame: from his mother Apamea, wife to Seleucus Nicanor. A there are many other cities bearing the fame name, th for diftinction fake is commonly called Apamea Cibotos but, as to the original of this appellation, there is a grea difcrepancy among authors (I).

n PLIN. I. v. c. 29. Xxxviii. MARCIANUS, 1. vi.

• STRAB. ubi fupra. Liv. lib.

from its being as it were, the common treasury of those cour tries (31). It is worth obferv ing, that there are no fewe than nine cities bearing th fame name; viz. Apamea c Phrygia, of Bithynia, of Pi dia, of Media, of Babylonia, Mefopotamia, of Pifidia, of Si tacene, of Syria; and all fit ated between two rivers; which made Bochart (32) conclude, that they were fo called from the Hebrew verb fignifying to furround, whereof the import is plainly expreffed in Jonas (33) DEN aphapbusi

(I) As the word KBT fignifies ark or coffer, fome have fuppofed, that it was fo called, because the ark rested on the hill from which the river Marfyas fprings. But these writers confound the fituation of Celene with that of Apamea; the former, which never bore the name of Cibotos, was fituate at the foot of the hill Signia, but Apamea Cibotos at ten miles distance. As those who traded from Italy and Greece to Afia Minor, used to convey their wares to this city as a place of general refort (30), Salmafius thinks it was called Cibotos majim.

(30) Phaleg. l. xvii. (32) Phaleg. 1. ii. c, 11.

(31) Salmaf. Pliniana exercitat. c. 40. p. 38.

(33) Cb. ii. v. 6.

LAODICEA, now Efkihisar, feated on the banks of the river Lycus, not far from Apamea. It was firft called Diofpolis, afterwards Rheas, and at laft Diocæfarea and Laodicea. We are told by Stephanus, that Jupiter, appearing to Antiochus, the fon of Stratonice, in his fleep, commanded him to build a city, which he did accordingly, calling it Diofpolis from Jupiter, and Laodicea from his wife Laodice. "It was afterwards greatly increased by Hiero, by Zeno the Rhetorician, and his fon Polemon P, who, being honoured by Cæfar Auguftus with the title of king, might, perhaps, out of complaifance to that prince, add his name to that of Jupiter, calling the city Diocæfarea, the city of Jupiter and Cæfar. However, the name of Laadicea, which Strabo derives from the river Lycus, prevailed. This city was famous for its wool, which was univerfally preferred, on account of its foftnefs, as the fame author witneffes, even to that of Miletus, fo much cried up by the antients; and, befides, was of a very extraordinary blacknefs. With this the inhabitants carried on a very confiderable trade, and were accounted the most wealthy people of all Afia Minor. Ptolemy makes Laodicea and Diocæfarea two different cities,; wherein he is certainly mistaken. At Laodicea was one of the seven churches mentioned in the Apocalypfe; but at prefent not fo much as the ruins of it are any-where to be feen, that prophetical threat being fully accomplished; I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot because thou art lukewarm-I will fpue thee out of my mouth (K).

P STRAB. ibid.
16.

iii.
15,

HIERAPOLIS, famous for its mineral waters, which, according to Strabo's account, when expofed to the air, petrified in the space of a year, and yet were endued with fuch a virtue, as to render the fields they watered exceeding fruitful, and prove a prefent remedy against innumerable diftempers to fuch as used them". Near this city was to be seen an opening on the edge of an hill of an extraordinary depth, always overfpread with a thick fog, and exhaling fuch a peftilent fteam, that no living creature could come within the reach of it without being immediately ftifled. Strabo and Pliny except the Galli or eunuchs of Cybele; Ammianus, and Dio Nicæus, al eunuchs (L).

GORDIUM, the feat of Gordius, king of Phrygia, and famous for the Gordian knot, which we shall have occa fion to mention hereafter. This town was fituated on the borders of Phrygia towards Cappadocia, and not be tween the two Phrygias, where Juftin places it. No. long after the death of Gordius it was reduced to a poor beggarly village, as Strabo calls it; and continued in this defpicable condition till the triumvirate of Auguftus, when it was again made a city, and called Juliopolis, by one Cleo, a famous robber, native of that place (M).

COLOSSE,

STRAB. 1. xiii. sub fin. " Ibid. ubi fupra. Vi TRUVIUS, 1. viii. c. 3. ULPIANUS, lege prima, fect. 13. w Lib. iv. x AMMIAN. lib. xxxvii. c. 6. DIO NICE. in vita Trajan. p. 252. ed. H. Steph. 1592. - xi. c. 7.

y Lib.

Apuleius, and many other (36). The city of Hierapolis is now called Bamboakkale; and fome footsteps of what it once was, are to be feen in the many heaps of ruins, and fine pillars, in the fields where it flood; infomuch that Dr. Smith, after viewing them, could not help thinking this city to have been inferior to none.

(L) Strabo, an eye-witnefs (35), fays, that in his time this plutonium or opening was inclofed with balufters, taking up half an acre of ground in compafs; that the peftilent fteam kept within that inclofure, fo that one might approach the balufter without the leaft danger; but whoever advanced one tep further was immediately ftified. What Strabo affirms, is vouched by Ammianus, Dio (M) This Cleo, having, with Nicæus, both eye-witneffes, a band of robbers, poffeffed

Strab. 1. xiii. fub fin. · (36) Ubi fupra, & Apuleius de mundo.