Spain in the Middle Ages: From Frontier to Empire, 1000–1500

al-Andalus alcabala Alfonso Alfonso VI Almohads Almoravids Alvaro de Luna Andalusia Arabic Aragonese Aragonese party areas Barcelona became bishops Burgos caballeros Castilian Catalan Catalonia chronicler Church colonists conquest constitutional conversos Córdoba cortes council count of Barcelona Crown of Aragon crusading cultural Duero economic eleventh century established Europe example Ferdinand feudal fifteenth century fourteenth century France French frontier fueros Generalitat Genoese Granada Henry Hundred Years War Iberian important income institutions Islam Jews John king kingdom knights lands later medieval lord lordships merchants military monarchy monasteries Moorish Moors Mozarabic Mudejar Muslim naval nobility nobles officials oligarchies organised parias Partidas Peter political population Portugal princes privileges problems reconquest reform region reign religious remensa repopulation royal power rulers Santiago seigneurial Seville Sisnando social society Spain Spanish Taifa taxes thirteenth century Toledo towns townsmen trade tradition translated Trastamaran twelfth century unrest urban Valencia vassals Zaragoza