zealous enemy to all innovation, succeeded in separating them. We are told that he was alarmed at Jewell's design to instruct his pupil in Greek, the study of which was then considered almost a certain proof of heresy. The college appointed Jewell reader of humanity and rhetoric, which duty he discharged with much ability; but his example taught far more than any precept. He read many ancient authors, and was accustomed to write something every day, often saying, "Men acquired learning more by frequently exercising their pens, than by reading many books." He endeavoured to express himself with fluency, neatness, and force of argument, rather than by flowery expressions, or well turned periods. "His only recreations from study were studious," his time being spent either in giving instruction, disputations, or in meditating upon what he had learned.

În 1544, Jewell commenced master of arts, the expense being defrayed by Parkhurst who then held the valuable rectory of Cleve, in Gloucestershire. He often invited Jewell and other scholars to his house, where he entertained them liberally, and seldom dismissed them without presents. One time especially, he came into their chamber early in the morning, and seizing their purses said, "What money, I wonder, have these miserable beggarly Oxonians." Finding them " pitifully lean and empty, he stuffed them with money till they became both fat and weighty."

After the accession of Edward VI. the Reformation proceeded more regularly, and with greater rapidity. Peter Martyr was invited from Germany, and settled as professor of divinity at Oxford. Jewell profited much by this appointment, and with the help of short-hand characters, which he invented, was able to take down nearly the whole of the lectures. In May, 1549, Martyr was interrupted in his lectures by Dr. Smith, a bigoted papist; a tumult arose, and Martyr challenged Smith to a regular public disputation. Smith, however, fled to Scotland, but some other popish doctors accepted the challenge, and a sharp disputation ensued respecting the Lord's Supper. It was conducted with some regularity; being committed to writing by Jewell, it was afterwards published, and is appended to the English translation of Martyr's Common Places. It has also been printed by Fox, and in other forms.

In 1551, Jewell took his degree of bachelor of divinity, when he preached a Latin sermon, from 1 Peter, iv. 11. "If any man speak, let him speak as the oracles of God," &c. At this time he took a small living near Oxford, called Sunning well, more from a desire to do good than for the salary, which was but small. He walked thither once a fortnight, on foot, though with some difficulty, from his lameness. He also preached publicly and privately, both in his own college and in the university. His abilities now procured him many friends, one of whom named Curtop, a fellow of his own college, allowed him forty shillings a year, then a considerable sum. Another

His abilities and progress at the university.

3

person named Chambers, who was intrusted with the distribution of moneys collected in London to assist poor scholars allowed him six pounds a year for the purchase of books.

These " halcyon days of peace" were soon terminated. Jewell was one of the first who felt the effects of the accession of Queen Mary, being expelled from his college by the fellows, upon their own authority, before the laws were passed for the restoration of popery. The charges against him were, 1. That he was a follower of Peter Martyr. 2. That he had preached contrary to popery. 3. That he had taken orders according to the recent laws; which, however, still remained in force. His principal offence in reality appears to have been, his refusal to be present at the mass. That Jewell's character and conduct were blameless appears from the testimony of Morwen, the president of the college, who said, "I should love thee, Jewell, if thou wert not a Zuinglian. In thy faith I hold thee a heretic, but surely in thy life thou art an angel! Thou art very good and honest, but a Lutheran !" A stronger commendation cannot be desired. It is probable that some personal feeling occasioned this prompt expulsion of Jewell. Dr. Morwen, and two of the fellows, had been suspended and imprisoned for a short time in 1552, by order of the council, for not using the protestant service book. During their suspension Jewell was appointed to govern the college.

The following is a translation of Jewell's farewell:

"In my last lectures I have imitated the custom of famished men, who when they see their meat likely to be suddenly and unexpectedly snatched from them, devour it with the greater haste and greediness. For whereas I intended thus to put an end to my lectures, and perceived that I was like forthwith to be silenced, I made no scruple to entertain you, contrary to my former usage, with much unpleasant and ill prepared discourse; for I have incurred, I see, the displeasure and hatred of some, but whether deservedly or no, I leave to their consideration. This I am sure of, that those who have driven me from hence, would not suffer me to live any where if it were in their power. But as for me, I yield to the times, and if they can derive any delight to themselves from my calamity, I hinder them not from it. But as Aristides, when he went into exile and forsook his country, prayed that they might nevermore think of him; so I beseech God to grant the same to my fellow-collegians, and what can they wish for more? Pardon me, my hearers, if it grieve me thus to be torn against my will from that place, where I have passed the first part of my life, where I have lived pleasantly, and have been in some honour and employment. But why do I thus delay to put an end to my misery by one word? Wo is me,-with my extreme sorrow I at last speak itthat I must say, Farewell my studies, farewell to these houses, farewell thou pleasant seat of learning, farewell to delightful conversation with you, farewell young men, farewell lads, fare

well fellows, farewell brethren, farewell ye beloved as my own eyesight, farewell all-Farewell."

Jewell was now reduced to poverty and distress, but for a time found shelter in Broadgate Hall, where many scholars resorted to him, and the society, by which he had been expelled, began to lament his loss. Of this they were reminded by Dr. Wright, archdeacon of Oxford, who when the deacon bragged that their college alone had kept their treasure and Romish ornaments during the late reigns, told them they had done so indeed, but, they had lost a jewel far more precious than any they had preserved.

By the influence of some friends, Jewell was appointed orator to the university. In this capacity he was soon after called to write a congratulatory address to the new queen. In expressing it he imitated the sentiments of the Roman Senators on the death of Augustus, and the accession of Tiberius.* He managed this with much ability, alluding also to the queen's promise to the men of Norfolk and Suffolk, that she would not change the religion established by the late king. It is recorded, that while Jewell was reciting this address to Dr. Tresham, the vice chancellor, the great bell of Christ Church, which the latter had caused to be re-cast, and had christened a few days before, according to the popish ritual, by the name of Mary, began to toll. Hearing this call to his beloved mass, the doctor exclaimed, "O delicate and sweet harmony, O beautiful Mary, how musically she sounds, how.strangely she pleases my ears!" and Jewell's pen was forced to give place to the tinkling of this new lady.t Jewell, about this time, was one of the notaries appointed to assist Cranmer at his trial.

In these difficulties, Jewell went on foot to Cleve, to obtain Parkhurst's advice and assistance, but found he had left the country on the restoration of the mass. Poor Jewell was forced to return to Oxford, where he arrived almost dead from the fatigue of a long journey on foot, in bitter cold and snowy weather.

Two short letters, written by Jewell to his tutor Parkhurst, soon after the accession of Queen Mary, when the latter had been deprived of his benefice, and was in concealment, may interest the reader. The originals are in Latin; the first was dated October 15. "My Parkhurst, mine own Parkhurst, what may I suppose that you are doing at the present time. Are you dead or alive? Are you weeping (in fletu) or in the Fleet (fleto.)‡

*Skilfully uniting congratulations with expressions of regret.

+We learn from Fox that among other inducements to persuade his students to return to popery, Tresham promised them a valuable set of popish vestments, and "the lady bell of Bampton, which should make the sweetest ring in England."

The Fleet prison, where many of the protestant ministers already were confined. This sort of play upon words was then common, even in the most serious compositions.

Assuredly, the equanimity of your mind ever was such that I cannot doubt but you account all these afflictions, whatever they are, as for good.-News with us there is none. Of old things there is too much. Unless it be troublesome to you, write I beseech you what is become of Harley,* how your own affairs stand, what you hope, and what you fear."

In another letter, dated 22d October, he writes, "Parkhurst, what shall I now write to you, or rather why should I be silent? I have now for a considerable time desired to know what you are doing, what you have done, and where you are. Although Cleve be taken from you, and all other matters are changed, yet I trust that your mind can neither be taken away nor changed."

Jewell's adversaries now combined to effect his destruction. Marshall, dean of Christ Church, who had changed his religion twice already, and did so again afterwards, felt Jewell's conduct to be a reproof to himself, and by the newly appointed inquisitors, sent a list of popish doctrines to which he was commanded to subscribe, upon pain of suffering the penalties of heresy. Jewell, "brought into such straits, having no other counsellors in this heavy encounter than horror without, and frailty within," being allowed no time or opportunity to consult his friends, or to consider the subject, took the pen, and saying, “Have you a mind to see how well I can write?" hastily subscribed his name in St. Mary's Church. But this did not mitigate the rage of his enemies. They knew his affection for Peter Martyr, and would be satisfied by nothing but his life. Jewell's case was now most lamentable, his friends forsook him on account of his sinful compliance, while his enemies pursued him like a wounded deer. In a critical moment he resolved to flee for his life. This resolution was taken just in time. Had he remained in Oxford another night, he would not have been suffered to escape, or had he followed the direct road to London, he would. have been overtaken and brought back! But he missed his road, so that the pursuers were disappointed. He was found by Augustine Bernher, Latimer's faithful friend and attendant, lying upon the ground, almost dead with vexation, weariness, and cold. Bernher set him upon his own horse, and conveyed him to Mrs. Warcup, who was a zealous friend to the protestants, and to whom several of the letters of the martyrs are addressed. She entertained Jewell for a time, and then had him conducted in safety to London, where he lay concealed until he escaped to the continent by the assistance of sir Nicholas Throgmorton, who supplied him with money, and procured him

a passage.

Jewell arrived in safety at Frankfort, where he found several of his former friends, and other protestant exiles, by whom he

* Bishop of Hereford; he was deprived, and lived in concealment. He died near the end of Queen Mary's reign.

was received with much kindness. They rejoiced at his coming, which was unlooked for on account of his subscription to the doctrines of popery. They advised him publicly to confess his error; this he did openly before the congregation on the next Lord's day, after preaching a most excellent sermon, saying, "It was my abject and cowardly mind, and faint heart, that made my weak hand commit this wickedness." Having uttered these words with many tears, he offered up a fervent prayer to God almighty for his pardon, and afterwards besought the forgiveness of the church. All present were deeply affected, and ever afterwards esteemed him the more for his ingenuous repentance.

His biographer observes, "It is an easy thing for those that were never tried, to censure the frailty of those who have truckled for some time under the shock of a mighty temptation; but let such remember St. Paul's advice, 'Let him that standeth take heed lest he fall.' This great man's fall shall ever be my lesson, and if this glistening jewel were thus clouded and foiled, God be merciful to me a sinner."

Jewell had not been long at Frankfort when he was invited by Peter Martyr to come to him at Strasburg. Martyr was then settled there, having with some difficulty obtained permission to withdraw to the continent. Many at Oxford desired to proceed against him, but he had been invited to England upon the public faith. The restoration of popery pained him very deeply; hearing the students called to mass, and the tinkling of the sacring bell, used in that service, he exclaimed, with a sigh "That little bell overturns all my instructions." Four years afterwards the remains of Martyr's wife were taken from the grave by order of Cardinal Pole, at the procurement of Dr. Marshall, and buried in a dunghill !"*

Martyr felt much esteem for Jewell, and, having persuaded him to come to Strasburg, kept him as an inmate in his family. Jewell was serviceable in the preparation of Martyr's comment on the book of Judges, and was accustomed to read to him every day from the fathers, particularly Augustine, with whose works they both were much delighted. Grindal, Ponet, Sandys, and other eminent English protestant divines, then resided at Strasburg.

At this time Martyr was invited by the senate of Zurich to fill the office of Hebrew professor and expositor of scripture. He was accompanied by Jewell, who found Pilkington and several more of his exiled countrymen residing there. These exiles found a kinder reception among the Helvetian divines than among the Lutherans. The painful disputes respecting the sacrament had so embittered the minds of the latter, that

*After the accession of Queen Elizabeth, they were restored to a more honorable place of sepulture, and mixed with the remains of St. Frideswide, that if popery were again restored, they might be secure from insult.