with fuch a refolution, as his chief ftrength confifted in cavalry. Bias replying, that the islanders had no fuch intention, but would be as glad to hear of his fitting out fhips as he was to hear of their buying horfes, Craefus reflected on the rafhness of his defign, laid it afide, and concluded an alliance with all the Greeks inhabiting the islands. Not long after he fubdued the Phrygians, Myfians, Maryandini, Chalybes, Paphlagonians, Thracians, Thynians, Bithynians, Carians, Dorians, Eolians, Pamphylians, and all the nations that lay between Lydia and the river Halys. Athenæus, out of Berofus,, mentions a fignal victory he gained over the Sacaans, a Scythian nation. Crafus, by these victories, having acquired great fame and renown, many wife men of that age went to Sardis on purpose to see him, and among others, Solon the Athenian lawgiver. Solon was entertained in the royal palace with great folemnity by Crafus, who after fhewing him all his wealth and magnificence, asked him who was the happiest man he had ever known, believing that he would give, without any hesitation, the preference to himfelf. Solon, who was an enemy to all flattery, answered, that Tellus the Athenian was the happieft man he had ever feen, who had many fons and grandfons, who all furvived him; and after having enjoyed all the happiness which the condition of mortals is capable of, ended his life in a moft glorious manner in the field of battle after he had gained a victory. He was buried at the expence of the public in the place where he fell, and yearly honours were paid to his memory. Crafus hoping at least to obtain the fecond place, again asked him who was the happiest man after Tellus. Solon replied, Cleobis and Biton, two Argians, who were victorious in the Olympic games. When their mother, who was a prieftefs of Juno, was obliged to go to the temple of the goddess, the oxen which should have drawn her chariot not being at hand, her two fons took hold of the yoke and drew the chariot the fpace of 45 furlongs. The mother being greatly honoured by the people on account of the piety of her fons, begged of the goddefs that the would reward her children with what the thought would be most advantageous for them. The two fons fell both afleep, and died in the temple; and the Argians, in commemoration of their piety, caufed their ftatues to be made and dedicated at Delphi. Creefus fhewing himself highly diflatisfied with Solon for prefering the condition of private men to that of fo rich and pow erful a prince as he, the philofopher informed him, that it was impoffible to judge of the happiness of any man before death, and that all things ought to be measured by their end. Whereupon he was difmiffed by Crofus as a man of little penetration. Not long after the departure of Solon, Craefus loft his favourite fon Atys, who was accidentally killed at the chace of a wild boar, by Adraftus fon of Gordius king of Phrygia, who was then a refugee at Sardis. This lofs was no fmall allay to his happiness; but after he had continued difconfolate for two years, the conqueft of Cyrus, and the growing power of the Perfians, Perfians, again roufed up his martial fpirits. Judging it expedient to check as foon as poffible the ambitious defigns of Cyrus, he fent directly to the oracle of Jupiter Ammon, and to feveral Grecian oracles, to make a trial of their knowlege, that he might know which of them to advise with. He ordered each of the ambaffadors to afk the oracle he was fent to, on a certain fixed day, what Croefus was then doing at Sardis. The Delphian oracle alone giving a true and fatisfactory answer, he immediately offered to the Delphic Apollo a facrifice confifting of 3000 oxen, and heaping up beds of gold and filver, veffels of gold, and rich apparel, he burnt them all together, commanding the Lydians to follow his example. So much gold was melted on this occafion, that 117 tiles were made out of it, whereof the longest were fix fpans in length, the shortest three; but all one fpan in thickness. Thefe, with a golden lion weighing ten talents, and a great number of other most valuable prefents, Crafus fent to the Delphic oracle, enjoining his amballadors to enquire whether he should undertake a war against the Perfians. The oracle answered, that if Crofus paffes the Halys, he will put an end to a vaft empire; which was capable of being interpreted either of Perfia or Lydia. Grofus, however, without hesitation, interpreting the answer to his own advantage, ftrengthened himself with alliances, and raising what forces he could, marched into Cappadocia, then belonging to the Perfians, before his allies could join him. Having taken the city of Pteria, he allowed his troops to ravage the country; but Cyrus advancing, a general engagement enfued, in which, however, neither party could claim the advantage. Both fides remaining inactive next day, Crafus began to reflect, that as his army was much inferior in number to that of Cyrus, it would be imprudent to rifk a fecond engagement, and therefore he marched back to Sardis, where he difbanded his troops, ordering them to reaffemble at the end of five months, when he expected fuccours from the Babylonians, Egyptians, Athenians, and Lacedemonians. Cyrus, however, purfuing him with the greateft expedition, appeared to his great furprise in the plains of Sardis, where, in a fecond battle, Crafus was defeated, and Sardis, about 14 days after, being taken by ftorm, Crafus him- Sardis felf was made prifoner, and an end put to the Lydian king- taken by dom, which continued fubject to the Perfians till they alfo were the Perconquered by the Macedonians. In the taking of the town, fans, Crafus himself would have been killed, had not his fecond fon, and Crawho till that time had been speechlefs, upon feeing the Per-fus made fian ready to ftrike the blow, inftantly cried out, kill not Crofus. prifoner. Being conducted to Cyrus, the conqueror ordered him to be put Bef. Ch. in fetters, and placed on a great pile of wood, with a defign to burn him and fourteen young Lydians in honour of the gods. Cræfus then recollecting the words of Solon, that no man can truly be called happy before his death, pronounced thrice that great philofopher's name. Cyrus hearing him, and being informed what induced him to invoke Solon, caused him to be taken down 549. down from the pile, and ranked him among his friends and counsellors. Xenophon, however, makes no mention of this treatment, but fays, that Cyrus received his royal prifoner when he was first presented to him, with great kindness and humanity *. The ries of Lycia. TH SECT. VI. The Hiftory of the LYCIANS. HIS country was at firft called Mylias, or Tremile, from the Mylia, a people of Crete who fettled here t, and afterwards Lycia, from Licus the fon of Pandion king of Athens. The proper Lycia was bounded on the fouth by the Mediterbounda- ranean, on the north by Phrygia Major and part of Pamphilia, by Caria on the weft, and Pamphilia on the eaft. The moft remarkable cities on the fea-coafts are Telmeffus; Patara, afterwards called Arfinoe by Ptolemy Philadelphus, after his wife, and famous for the oracle of Apollo, who is faid to have refided here the fix winter months in the year; Myra, which was the metropolis of Lycia when a Roman province, and confequently in the chriftian times an archbishop's fee; Olympus; Phafelis, which city, in the time of the Romans, was an infamous neft of pyrates, and all fwift veffels were denominated from them Phafeli. In midland Lycia, Strabo reckons the following towns: Pinara, Cragus, Tlos, Simena, &c. The people in this part of the country were called Xanthians, from the chief river Xanthus. Befides the famous mountain Taurus, which begins in this province and extends to the eastern ocean, there was also in Lycia the mountain Chimara which vomited flames. The foil of the country is very fruitful, and the air reckoned very wholesome. The ori gin of the Lycians. The Lycians, according to Herodotus and others †, were defcended of the Cretans; Sarpedon, who had been driven out of the island by his brother Minos, fettling in Mylias with thofe Cretans who had followed him, and driving out the Mylians and Solymi the antient inhabitants, founded a new kingdom. After the death of Sarpedon, they took the name of Lycians, from Lycus an Athenian refugee who had fled thither. Plato and Diodorus Siculus, however, reckon the Lycians among the Greek nations in Afia §. They were antiently a very powerful and warlike people, confidering the fmallnefs of their country. According to Pliny, they had 36 large and populous *Herod. 1. i. Xenoph. Cyrop. Polyæn. Plut. in Solon. † Herod. 1. i. c. 173. & 1. vii. c. 92. ↑ Herod: 1. i. Strab. I. xiv. Paufan. 1. vii. Plat. in Minoe. Diod. 1. v. towns, 79 manners, towns, and extended their power on the feas as far as Italy. They are highly commended by antient writers for their fo- Their briety and manner of adminiftering juftice. All matters of conféquence were canvaffed and determined by a majority of votes in a general affembly or diet, compofed of deputies from their chief cities, fome fending three, others two, and the least one deputy. Whence we may conclude, that their govern- and goment, at least in latter times, either was not monarchical, or vernment. their monarchs no ways abfolute. This form of government they maintained even under the Romans, but with this difference, that their decrees had no validity unless confirmed by the Roman governor or fenate *. At first their government feems to have been either monarchical or ariftocratical; for we read of the families of Bellerophon, Sarpedon, Lycus, Telephus, and Pandarus reigning in Lycia at one and the fame time. Be that as it will, in procefs of time all Lycia became fubject to one prince f. This nation was firft fubdued by Crafus, and afterwards conquered by Cyrus. Thofe of Xanthus oppofed the Perfian general Harpagus with incredible bravery. Being overpowered with numbers, and forced to retire into their city, they fhut up their wives, children, flaves, and all their riches in the caftle, to which they fet fire; and then engaging themselves by a folemn oath to die together, they returned to the field of battle, renewed the fight, and were all killed to a man. The Lycians continued to be governed by their own kings even after they were fubdued by the Perfians, to whom they paid an annual tribute. They fell with the Perfans under the power of the Macedonians, and afterwards of the Seleucida; but Antiochus the Great being confined by the Romans beyond mount Taurus, they granted Lycia to the Rhodians, and afterwards declared it a free country. The emperor Claudius, provoked at their domeftic diffenfions, at length reduced their country into the form of a province. Their cuftoms differed little from thofe of the Cretans, from whom they were defcended: but they had one cuftom peculiar to them; for they took their names not from their fathers but their mothers. Befides, if a free-born woman married a flave, her children enjoyed all the privileges of citizens; but on the contrary, if a man of ever fo great a family married a flave or foreigner, their children were incapable of enjoying any honours, or bearing any public employment ‡. They preferved the Cretan religion as well as cuftoms. The names and fucceffion of their kings are all buried in Their obfcurity. We find mention only of three of their kings. history. Amifodarus, who is fabled to have nourished the monster Chimara. Fobates, whofe daughter Sthenobea was married to Protus king of the Argives. She having in vain follicited Bellerophon * Strab. 1. xiv. + Herod. 1. vii. ↑ Idem. 1. i. to to comply with her unchafte defires, falfely accused him to her husband, who fent him with letters to Jobates, defiring him to revenge the affront offered to his daughter by the death of the bearer. Jobates expofed Bellerophon to feveral hazardous expeditions, in hopes that he would be cut off by that means; not chufing to embrue his hands in the blood of a stranger: but the young prince being always fuccefsful, Jobates was reconciled to him, and difcovering the calumny, gave him his other daughter in marriage, and with her part of his kingdom. Many years after reigned Cybernifcus, who was one of Xerxes' admirals in his expedition against Greece. Cilicia whence fo called. CILIC SECT. VII. The Hiftory of the antient CILICIANS. ILICIA, according to the Greek writers, borrowed its name from Cilix the brother of Cadmus, who they say fettled in that country. According to Jofephus, who is followed by Stephanus, Zonaras, and Hierom, it was antiently called Tarfis, from Tarbifh the fon of Javan, who firft peopled this part of Afia. Bochart derives the name of Cilicia from the Phoenician word Challekim, fignifying a ftone, part of Cilicia being very ftony, and at this day called by the Turks Tas Wileieth, that is, Its extent. the ftony province. Cilicia is bounded on the eaft by mount Amanus, which feparates it from Syria, on the weft by Pamphilia, on the north by Cappadocia and Armenia Minor, and on the fouth by the Mediterranean. It is now called Caramania, having been the laft province of the Caramanian kingdom that held out against the Ottoman race, and is on every fide, except towards the fea, furrounded by fteep and craggy mountains. By the antients the whole country was divided into Cilicia Afpera, or Trachaa, on the weft, and Cilicia Campestris on the ealt. The cities in the firft rocky part mentioned by the antients are Sydra, Nagidus a Samian colony, Animurium, Arfione, Celenderis, Aphrodifias, Holmus or Holmia, Sarpedon, Lephyrium, and Sebafte, feated on a small island. There were alfo Seleucia on the banks of the Calycadmus, Domitianopolis, Philadelphia, and Lamus. In Cilicia Campeftris ftood Soli, or Sola, built, according to fome, by the Rhodians and Argians, but according to Laertius, by Solon after his departure from the court of Crafus, and peopled by Athenians, who in procefs of time lofing the purity of their language, became fo remarkable for their rude pronounciation and abfurd expreffions, that any impropriety of speech was called a Solecifm. Others, however, derive the word Solecifm not from Solenfes in Cilicia, but from the Solii in Cyprus. The capital of this province was antiently Tarfus, the native city |