claimed king. Some writers tell us, that his fifter, who was named Hemithea, not caring to furvive her brother, was at her own request locked up with him in the cheft. Some time after Cycnus, being convinced of his fon's innocence, failed to Tenedos to implore his pardon, and exprefs the concern he was in for fo hafty and inhuman a resolution. But Tennes, instead of receiving him, went to the harbour, where, with a hatchet, he cut the cable which fastened his father's fhip to the fhore. This hatchet was carried by Periclytus, a citizen of Tenedos to Delphos, and there lodged in the temple of Apollo. The Tenedians caufed two others to be made refembling this in fhape and fize, which they confecrated in the temple of their city. These adventures gave birth to two famous proverbs among the ancients (S). (S) One is Tevéd ávλnths, that is, the Tenedian player on the flute, a faying ufed by the ancients to reproach a falfe evidence. The other, Tvéd Téλexus, that is, the Tenedian ax, an expreffion ufed to fignify a quick and unalterable refolution. Ariftotle, cited by Stephanus, explains this in a different manner. He fays, that a king of Tenedos having enacted a law forbidding adultery on pain of death, the first that tranfgreffed this law was his own fon, who was therefore be headed with an ax. Stephanus adds, that the heads of the two lovers, back to back, were represented on the medals of the ifland, and on the reverse the ax with which they were beheaded. It is certain, feveral medals of this kind have been found in that ifland. Some take these two heads to be thofe of Tennes and his fifter Hemithea, others of Jupiter and fome Amazon, who might have founded a city in Tenedos. The ax on the reverfe was the inftrument ufed by the inhabitants VOL. III. SECT in the execution of their cri minals. Suidas tells us, that Tennes, after he was settled on the throne of Tennedos, ordered an officer to stand behind the judge in all public trials, with an ax in his hand, ready to ftrike off the head of fuch as fhould give falfe evidence; and hence Tide a pun, TevédiO. unyof, that is, a man of Tenedos, an advocate of Tenedos, were expreffions used to fignify a man or a judge of great feverity. After the fall of Troy, the inhabitants were brought fo low, that they gave themfelves up to their neighbours. Tenedos was one of the first conquefts of the Perfians after the overthrow of the Ionians at the ifle of Lada. It was reduced by the Athenians, or at leaft fided with them against the Lacedæmonians, fince Nicolochus, admiral of Lacedæmon, ravaged this island, and raifed contributions in it, notwithstanding the vigilance of the Athenian generals. The Romans enjoyed Tenedos in their turn; and the temple of that Hh town SECT. VI. Of the Antiquity, Government, Laws, Religion, Customs, Antiquity. THE From cended. HE inhabitants of Leffer Phrygia, or Trojans, fo called from Troy, the metropolis of that country, were, without all doubt, a very ancient people; but, as to their original, there is a great difagreement among authors. Some make them Samothracians by defcent, others fay they were Greeks, and tell us, that Teucer, according to them the first king of Troy, was by birth an Athenian, and lord of a village named Axonus. Some derive whom def them from the island of Crete, from whence they fuppofe Phrygia Minor to have been peopled; but these are again divided among themfelves as to the leader of this colony, fome bestowing that honour on Teucer, others on Dardanus. Some will have them defcended from the Arcadians, and there are not wanting writers who make them even come originally from Italy; which opinion, though deftitute of all probability, was embraced by Virgil, as moft redounding to the glory of that country, and perhaps current among the Romans in his days. Bochart thinks, that Leffer Phrygia was planted by Afhkenaz, Gomer's eldest fon, because fome appellatives of lakes, rivers, iflands, cities, and men of that country, bear a refemblance to this name. But whoever were the first inhabitants of this country, it is certain that, in process of x Phaleg. lib. iii. cap. 9. town was plundered by Verres, was brought from Alexandria to Conftantinople, left it should mould on fhip-board, the veffels being frequently windbound for a confiderable time at the entrance of the Dardanelles. These magazines, as Procopius informs us, were two hundred and eighty feet long, and ninety broad (1). The mufcate wine of this island is the most delicious of all the Levant. (1) Procop, de Edific. Juftin. lib. v. cap. 1. time, their blood was mixed with that of foreigners, namely, of Myfians, Samothracians, Greeks, and Cretans, who fettled among them, and were reckoned of the fame descent with the ancient proprietors. As to their government, it was, no doubt, monarchical Govern and hereditary; for, from Dardanus to Priam, we find ment. the father constantly fucceeded by the fon, or the elder brother by the younger. Their country was at first, like moft others, parcelled out into feveral petty kingdoms; for we read of Cycnus, Pandarus, Eurypylus, and other princes of fmall territories, within the limits of Leffer Phrygia. But all these were, in length of time, either expelled or made tributary by the Trojan kings; infomuch that Strabo enumerates no fewer than nine fmall kingdoms, or principalities, fubject to Troy, befides the island of Lefbos. And this is the true reafon that protracted the Trojan war to fuch a length; for all thefe countries were to be fubdued before Troy could be invested. We have no particular fyftem of their laws, and shall therefore pass to their religion. As to the religion of the Trojans, it was, in fubftance, Religion, hardly different from that of the inhabitants of Greater Phrygia, which we have already defcribed. Their principal deities feem to have been Cybele, or, as they styled her, "The great mother of the gods," who, according the common opinion, was brought into Troas, from Crete, by Teucer, lord of that island, and the progenitor of the Trojans ; fhe was chiefly worshipped on the hills of Ida, Dindymus, Berecynthus, and Cybele, whence the borrowed her name; Apollo, who had a temple in the citadel of Troy, called Pergamus; Minerva, or Pallas, in whose temple was the famous Palladium, a wooden ftatue The Pallaof this goddess, holding in one hand a buckler, and a spear dium. in the other, fo contrived as to move them, and, at the fame time, roll her eyes in a threatening manner. We are told, that, while the Trojans were erecting a temple to Pallas in their citadel, this ftatue fell from heaven into it before it was covered. An oracle being confulted on this occafion, returned anfwer, that the city of Troy could not be taken fo long as it enjoyed this heavenly gift; which refponfe coming to the knowlege of the Greeks, Diomedes and Ulyffes privately entered the caftle, killed the guards, and, by bereaving the Trojans of their main defence, enabled the Greeks to take the city. All the y Diodor. Sicul. lib. v. Strab. lib. xiii. p. 408. a Virgil. lib. iii. Hh 2 z Ibid. Roman Roman writers affure us, that this Palladium was brought into Italy by Æneas, and lodged first at Lavinium, afterwards at Alba, and at last removed to Rome, and depofited there in the temple of Vefta, under the care of the Vestals and the Nautian family. The Romans universally believed themselves masters of the true Palladium, but could never fhew how they came by it. For, to fay that it was in Troy when the city was taken, is to deny its boasted virtue of rendering that city impregnable in which it was lodged. On the other hand, if it was stolen by the Greeks before they entered Troy, how could Æneas bring it into Italy (T)? Venus alfo is counted among the Trojan deities; but as to Vefta, whom Æneas is faid by the poets to have carried into Italy with his houfhold gods, we find not any footsteps of worship paid her at Troy. Among the other Trojan deities, we find mention made of Apollo Sminthius, fo ftyled from the Phrygian word fminthos, fignifying a field-mouse. We are told b, that this fort of vermin made fuch devastation in the fields of Troas, that the inhabitants, finding all other means of ridding the country of them unsuccessful, had recourfe to the oracle b Strab. lib. xiii. p. 415. Ælian. Vit. H. lib. iv. (T) There is great variety dium as part of his fortune: of opinions among the ancients that Dardanus first erected a as to the Trojan Palladium. temple in Samothrace to this Some tell us (1), that a king of and other deities, and afterPhrygia Major prefented Ilus wards took them with him into with a pyed ox, warning him, Phrygia on the Hellefpont. at the fame time, to build a Lycophron feems to infinuate, city where the ox fhould lie that the Palladium was a Phodown; that Ilus followed him, nician goddefs; for he calls and, in the place where he lay Ulyffes Δελφινόσημον κλώπα Φοιτ down, built a city, calling it, ins Ges (3). Johannes Antiofrom his own name, Ilium. chenus, Euftathius, and others, They add, that Ilus, having fay, that it was made by a cerdefired Jupiter to fignify his tain mathematician, and coapprobation by fome vifible vered over with a human skin. token, he found the Palladium Julius Firmicus (4), Clemens next morning before his tent. (), and Arnobius (6), tell us, Others fay that Chryfas, daugh- that the Gentiles believed it was ter of Pallas (2), marrying Dar- made of the bones of Pelops. danus, brought him the Palla (1) Apollud. lib. iii. (3) Seldenus de Diis Syriis, fanar. Religion. cap. 16. verfus Gentes, lib. iv. (2) Rofinum Roman. Antiquitat. p. 147. Syntag. ii. (4) De Errore Pro(6) Arnob, ad (5) In Protrept. of C of Delphos, which anfwered, "That they fhould be delivered from that plague if they facrificed to Sminthian Apollo." They obeyed the injunction, and erecting a temple in Amaxito, a city of Troas, dedicated it to their deliverer under that appellation. Others allege, that the inhabitants of Troas worshipped mice for having, on a certain occafion, gnawed the bow-ftrings of their enemies, and thereby fecured a complete victory to the Phrygians. The worship of Apollo Sminthius was introduced into Myfia, the ifle of Tenedos, and other countries; for Strabo tells us, that a mouse was engraved at the foot of Apollo's ftatue, in a temple of Chryfa, a city of Myfia, to unfold the reafon of his being furnamed Sminthian; he adds, that the statue was made by Scopas, a celebrated ftatuary of Paros. The fame author, speaking of the isle of Tenedos, fays, that it had one town, two havens, and a temple dedicated to Sminthian Apollo (U). &c. We can fay nothing particular touching the cuftoms of Cufioms, the Trojans, their civil concerns, or their arts and learn- language, ing; they are celebrated by the ancients as one of the moft polite and civilized nations of those days; and in the reigns of their later kings they rofe to a very confiderable pitch of fplendor and magnificence. Their language was, in all likelihood, the fame spoken by the inhabitants of Greater Phrygia; and, perhaps, in all that tract, which was afterwards known by the name of Asia Proper, the feveral nations spoke one and the fame tongue, with fome variation of dialect. Their trade we can only guess at from their fituation, Trade. which, very likely, drew merchants from all the neighbouring parts to traffick in their country, as well for their own growth as for foreign productions. Their country was stocked with many ufeful commodities, and muft have abounded in all things neceffary for life, fince it could fupport, for many years together, two very confiderable armies, as we fhall fee in the following fection. Their fettlements in Thrace, in Peloponnefus, in Sicily, in Italy, in Egypt, and in Africa, are a convincing proof, that they applied themfelves pretty early to trade and naví< Ptolemo apud Clem. Protrept. (U) Tournefort mentions two medals of Tenedos, one with Apollo's head, and under it a moufe, having on the reverfe a two-edged ax; the other Hh3 gation, |