A Concise History of Spain

Abd-al-Rahman agriculture al-Andalus Alfonso Alfonso XII Almoravides Andalusia Arab Aragon aristocratic army Asturias Barcelona Basque battle became become Berber Cádiz caliphate Carlist Castile Castile's Castilian Catalan Catalonia Catholic century Charles Christian north Church civil constitution conversos Córdoba Cortes Crown Crown of Aragon crusading cultural death defeat east economic empire England enlightened Europe European eventually fact Falange Ferdinand forced foreign France French Galicia German Godoy Granada heir hostile Iberian independence Inquisition Isabella Islam Jesuits Jews king king of León kingdom land later León liberals Madrid María Mediterranean military monarch Moslem Moslem Spain Mozarabs nation nationalist Navarre Netherlands nobles Numantia once Peninsula Philip political Portugal Pyrenees queen Reconquest reform reign religious remained Republic republican Roman Rome royal rule Saint Sancho Saragossa Seville social society Spaniards Spanish history struggle survived territory thousand throne tion Toledo town trade traditional troops Valencia Visigothic