History of the Pacific States of North America: Mexico - Hubert Howe Bancroft - Google Libros

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CONTENTS.

VICEROYS FORTY-SEVEN TO FORTY-NINE.

Viceroy Martin de Mayorga-His Exceptional Position-War with Great

Britain-Warlike Measures-Mayorga's Efficient Rule-Viceroy

Matías de Galvez-His Short Administration-He Promotes Im-

provements-The Conde de Aranda's Plan-Independent Kingdoms

in Spanish America to be Erected-King Carlos' Objections-The

Audiencia Rules a Few Months-Viceroy Conde de Galvez-His

Great Services and Rank-Unbounded Popularity-Treasonable

Schemes Attributed-His Illness and Death-Posthumous Birth of

his Child-Magnificent Ceremonials at the Christening-The Family

Liberally Pensioned-The Audiencia Rules Again...........

MILITARY SYSTEM.

Early Efforts to Provide Forces-Organization Begun-Difficulties and

Changes in Policy-Regular Troops-Urban Companies-Provincial

Regiments and Battalions-Presidio Companies-Coast Guards--

Effective Force for War-Artillery and Other Supplies-Perote as a

Deposit-Sea-coast Defences-Fortresses on Both Seas--Naval Sta-

tions-Pay Department-Pay of Officers and Men--Pension System-

Annual Expenditure-Religious Department-Vicario General-Ten-

ientes Vicarios Generales-Army and Navy Chaplains-Fuero Mili-

tar, and its Judiciary System.....

EXPULSION OF THE JESUITS.

xi

The Society of Jesus in Mexico-Last Services-Moral Condition--Squab-

bles about Tithes, and the Consequences-The Situation in Mexico

and the World in 1750-Members, Houses, and Missions in Mexico

in 1767-Converts Made-Unsuccessful Renunciation of Missions-

Clouds Portentous of Disaster-Persecution in Portugal and France-

Obloquy and Refutation-Expulsion from Spanish Dominions and

Other Nations-Causes therefor-How Effected in Mexico-Suffer-

ings of the Exiles-Harsh Treatment-Means of Support-Revolu-

tionary Movements in Mexico Quelled-Relentless Punishment of the

Leaders-Papal Suppression of the Society-Later Moderation-The

Order Restored and Readmitted in Mexico to be again Expelled.... 426

MEXICO UNDER A REORGANIZED SYSTEM.

Separate Government for the Provincias Internas-Intendencias of Prov-

inces-Changes Effected and Final Establishment-Viceroy and

Archbishop Alonso Nuñez de Haro-His High Character and Previous

Record-Extraordinary Honors Conferred on Him by the Crown-

His Death and Burial-Calamitous Visitations-Epidemics and

Earthquakes Their Effect on the Ignorant-Viceroy Manuel An-

tonio Florez-His Previous Career-War against Apaches-English

and Russians Watched in the Pacific-General Policy of this Ruler—

Resignation, and Cause of It-Special Favor Shown Him by the

Crown-His Departure for Spain-Obsequies of and Mourning for

Cárlos III.—Grand Proclamation of Cárlos IV.-Honors to Royal

ADMINISTRATION OF VICEROY REVILLA GIGEDO THE YOUNGER.

Ancient and Modern Population of New Spain and the Capital-Chapulte-

pec-Palace of Viceroy Galvez-Moral and Social Condition of the

Capital-Reforms Made by the Viceroy-Appearance of the City in

1800-Prominent Buildings-And Other Objects of Note-Nuestra

Señora de los Remedios-Arrival of Revilla Gigedo-Crimes and

Quick Justice-Military Reforms-Indian Disturbances-The Vice-

roy's Letter-box-Formation of Official Archives-Intendencias-

Effect of the French Revolution on New Spain-Recall of the

Viceroy-Unjust Persecution-His Final Vindication...

FIFTY-THIRD AND FIFTY-FOURTH VICEROYS.

Viceroy Branciforte-Prejudice against Him-And Causes thereof-Per-

secution of French Residents-Organization of the Militia-Shameful

Traffic in Honors and Commissions-A Depleted Treasury-Auto de

Fé-Persecution of the English-Preparations for War-Recall of

Branciforte-Arrival of Viceroy Azanza-Military Changes-Effects

of the War with England-Germs of Revolution in Mexico-Guer-

rero's Conspiracy-Fate of the Malecontents-The Machete Plot-

Indian Aspirations to Royalty-Discomfiture of Native Conspira-

tors-Internal Progress-Storms and Earthquakes-Recall of the

ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL SYSTEMS

CHAPTER XXVIII.

Peculiar Features of Spanish Colonies-The Supreme Authority-Divis-

ion of the Indies-Provincial Government-Municipalities-Local

Administration-Indian Communities-Office-holding, Restrictions

and Requisites-Salable Positions-Vanity and Precedence-New

Spain, Extent and Divisions-Offices and Duties of the Viceroy-

Pomp, Privileges, and Pay-Vicissitudes and Jurisdiction of the

Audiencia-Oidores' Tasks and Honors-Different Instance Courts-

Costly Litigation-Causes of Crime-Peculiar and Severe Punish-

ments-At the Scaffold...
... 517

MINES AND MINING.

Traffic with the Natives of Central America-Doings of the Conquerors

in that Quarter-Mineral Deposits-Something of South America-

Earliest Discoveries in Mexico-Aztec Mining-Protective Policy of

the Crown-A Great Discovery-Distribution and Consumption of

Quicksilver-Fruitless Efforts to Obtain It in Mexico-Geological

View-Silver Ores-Gold and Other Metals-Quarries and Salines--

Location of Rich Mines-Attractive Regions-Guanajuato, San Luis

Potosí, and Zacatecas-Their Advantage over the North-Mines near

the Capital-The Cuerpo de Minería-A Great Mining Tribunal—

New Laws-Mining System-The Total Yield of Mexico-The Share

of the Crown-Bibliographical.....

AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES.

Aztec Land System-Spanish Policy and Influence-Cortés as a Farmer-

Maize Maguey and its Manifold Use-Cacao and Vanilla-Intro-

duction of Sugar-cane and Wheat-Fertility of the Southern Prov-

inces-Plantains-Culture of Silk, Vine, and Olives-Tobacco and

its Monopoly-Stock-raising-Woollen, Cotton, and Linen Manu-

factures-Production of Spirituous Liquors-Minor Products-Fish-

eries and Pearls-Aztecs as Artisans-Feather-work and Jewelry—

Oppressive Colonial Policy—Industries at the Close of the Century—

Bibliographical.

The Selfish Policy of Spain-Commercial and Moral Effect in New

Spain-Casa de Contratacion and Consulados-Depredations by

Hostile Nations and Corsairs-Early Trade with Santo Domingo-

Intercolonial Trade with the Philippines-Decadence-Commerce

with Peru-Niggardly Regulations-Mexican Highways-The Road

from Vera Cruz to the Capital and Acapulco-Stage Lines-Internal

Navigation-The Postal Service--Abuses-The Crown Assumes the

Management-Internal Trade-Fairs and Markets-Relaxation of

Restrictions-Insurance Companies-A Bubble Bank and Gulled

Shareholders-Expansion of Commerce under Free Trade....

REVENUE AND FINANCE.

Treasury Department Established-Royal Officers-The Department as

Fully Organized-Regulations and Restrictions-Collection of Rev-

enue-The King's Fifth-Smelting-Tribute-Quicksilver-Customs

Duties-Imports and Exports-The Manila Trade-Royal Monop-

olies and Sale of Offices-Gambling License-Liquor Traffic-Tax-

ation-Sale of Indulgences-Tithes-Cacao as Currency-Establish-

ment of a Mint-Coinage-Income..

Vicious Ecclesiastics-Struggle between the Regular Orders and the

Secular Clergy-Influence of the Religious on the Masses-The

Royal Prerogative-Privileges of the Ecclesiastics-Right of Sanc-

tuary The Bishoprics of New Spain-Religious Fraternities-

Church Property-Its Confiscation Ordered-Church Revenues-

The Inquisition....

CHAPTER XXXIII.

RELIGIOUS ORDERS.

Royal Consideration for Friars-Their Privileges-Abuses-Collision

between the Church and the Orders-Causes-Dissensions among

the Orders-Gachupin and Creole Friars-Their Unseemly Quar-

rels-Vice and Immorality-Great Increase in Number of Regu-

lars-Nunneries and Nuns-Missions-Church Secularization-Rou-

tine of Duties-Progress of the Franciscans-Efforts in Sierra

Gorda-The Augustinians-Division of their Provincia--Internal

Dissension-El Triénio Feliz-Disturbance in the Convent at

Mexico-Arrival of Barefooted Augustinians-Dominican Labors—

Minor Orders-Orders of Charity

Evolution of a Race-Typical Characteristics-Statistics of Population-

Proportion and Distribution of Races-Causes for Decrease of Abo-

rigines-Creole versus Spaniard-Jealousies and Impolitic Measures

—Immigration, and Character of Arrivals-Status of Foreigners—

Indian Policy and its Effect-Race Stigma-Negro Slavery-Condi

tion of the Mixed Breeds-Beggars and Nobles-Nature and Extent

of Diseases-Matlazahuatl, Smallpox, Vómito Prieto, and Famines-

Doctors and Treatment-Hospitals and Asylums-Mourning and

Cemeteries-Meat and Drink-Sumptuary Laws-National Dress-

Love of Display-False Gloss-Women, Morals, and Marriage—The

Home-Holiday Celebration-Coaches and Riders-Barbaric Sport-

Gambling-The Drama-Social Reunions.

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